After so many years of dry farming, do you really know how to use pesticides? Do you master the toxicity and contraindications of various pesticides? For example, most pesticides often have several modes of insecticidal action. For example, dichlorvos has three modes of action: contact, stomach poisoning and fumigation, but it is mainly based on contact. When choosing to use pesticides, you should pay attention to the main insecticidal methods in order to use less pesticides and more insecticides. For example, herbicides are very selective for plants, killing weeds and killing crops, and must be used with great care. Paraquat and glyphosate are such herbicides. ······································ This article is read three times, and the tube is enough! Pesticides are short for agricultural chemicals. According to the "Pesticide Management Regulations" promulgated by the State Council on May 8, 1997, China's definition of pesticides is: pesticides are used to prevent, eliminate or control diseases, insects, grasses and other harmful organisms that are harmful to agriculture and forestry, and have a purpose. A chemical synthesis of plants, insect growth, or a mixture of one or more substances derived from organisms, other natural substances, and preparations thereof. There are many classification methods for pesticides, which can be classified according to the source, the target of control, and the mode of action of pesticides. Classified by function (1) Insecticides 1 Stomach poison enters the worm through the digestive system, causing the pesticide to die. Such as trichlorfon and so on. These pesticides are very effective against pests of chewing mouthpieces and sucking mouthparts. 2 The contact agent is in contact with the pest worm, and the agent enters the worm body through the body wall to cause the poisoning of the pest. Such as most organophosphate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides. The contact agent can be used to control pests of various mouthparts, but the effect of the scale insects such as scale insects, hibiscus, whitefly and the like is poor. 3 The systemic agent is easily absorbed by plant tissues and transported in plants, transmitted to various parts of the plant, or metabolized by plants to produce more toxic metabolites, which are poisoned and killed when the pests feed on plants. Such as imidacloprid. The systemic agent is particularly effective against pests of sucking mouthparts. 4 fumigant agent can be gasified into a toxic gas at normal temperature, through the insect's valve into the respiratory system of the pest, causing the poisoning of pesticide poisoning. Such as aluminum phosphide. The fumigant should be used under closed conditions. If the aluminum phosphide tablet is used to control the pests, the wormholes are sealed with soil. 5 specific insect growth regulators can be divided into the following according to their roles: 1) Insect growth regulator This agent enters the insect body through insect stomach poisoning or contact killing, hinders the formation of chitin, affects the formation of inner epidermis, and prevents the insect molting from going smoothly. The hatching of eggs and the emergence of adult insects are blocked. Or the insect body becomes deformed to exert an insecticidal effect. These agents have high activity, low toxicity, low residue, obvious selectivity, and are safe for humans, animals and other beneficial organisms. However, the insecticidal effect is slow and the residual effect period is short. Such as chlorfenapyr No. 3, Youle, Yitaibao, diflubenzuron and so on. 2) The attractant agent uses a trace amount of gaseous molecules to attract the pests together and annihilate them. These agents are further divided into three types: food attractants, sexual attractants, and oviposition attractants. Among them, sex attractants are widely used. Such as peach small heartworm attractant, grape winged moth sex attractant. 3) The repellent acts on the protected object, making the pest unwilling to approach or transfer, escaping the imagination, and achieving the purpose of protecting the crop. Such as mosquito repellent oil, camphor and so on. 4) After the feeding agent of the antifeedant is taken by the pest, the normal physiological function of the pest is broken, the feeding amount is reduced or the feeding is stopped quickly, and finally the pest is starved and died. Such as azadirachtin, anti-ecohol and so on. These insecticides are not very toxic by themselves, but act on insects with special properties. These agents are generally referred to as specific insecticides. (2) fungicide 1 The protective bactericide sprays the agent on the surface of the plant before the pathogenic microorganism has invaded the host plant to form a protective film, which hinders the infection of the pathogenic microorganism, thereby protecting the plant from the harmful agent. Such as Bordeaux liquid, Daisen zinc, Dasheng and so on. 2 The therapeutic fungicide pathogenic microorganism has invaded the plant and sprayed the agent during its incubation to inhibit its continued expansion or elimination in the plant. Such as triazolone, thiophanate-methyl, ethyl aluminum phosphate and the like. 3 eradication fungicides have a direct and strong killing effect on pathogenic microorganisms. Such agents are often unbearable for plant growth, so they are generally only used for pre-sowing soil treatment, plant dormancy or seedling treatment. Such as stone sulfur mixture, Fumei 胂 and so on. (3) Herbicides 1 Selective herbicides These herbicides are selective among different plants, that is, they are able to poison or kill certain plants, while others are safer. Most herbicides are selective herbicides. Such as herbicide, dichlorfen, etc. are all such herbicides. 2 Herbicides Herbicides are herbicides that lack selectivity or are very selective and can kill most green plants. It kills both weeds and crops, so be careful when using them. Paraquat and glyphosate are such herbicides. Generally used for leisure, land and dams to kill grass. Directional spray is generally used for pastoral weeding. Classification according to control objects It can be divided into insecticides, acaricides , fungicides, nematicides, herbicides, rodenticides and plant growth regulators. (1) Insecticides An agent for controlling pests. Such as imidacloprid, dichlorvos and the like. Emamectin benzoate The activity of insecticidal, acaricidal and nematicidal is increased by 10-100 times, and the insecticidal spectrum is broadened; the stomach toxicity is mainly combined with contact; the pests irreversibly paralyze, stop eating, after 2-4 days In order to die, the insecticidal rate is slower; the duration of the effect is long, the pests are 10-15 days, and the cockroaches are 15-25 days. It has no systemic properties for crops, but can penetrate into epidermal tissues; it has extremely high activity against lepidopteran pests, mites, coleoptera and homopteran pests, and it is not easy to make pests resistant to insects; Degradation; high safety for all crops at protected sites or 10 times the recommended dosage; a second insecticidal peak occurs over 10 days; Imidacloprid Nicotine; contact, stomach poisoning and systemic; pest paralysis death; good quick-acting, high control effect in 1 day, residual period up to 25 days; high temperature insecticidal effect; sucking mouthparts Pests; easily absorbed by crops and distributed to the top, with rooting action; Tebufenozide Promote the lepidopteran larvae molting; contrary to other mechanisms that inhibit larval molting; effective for both older and younger larvae; stop feeding for 6-8 hours (stomach toxicity), more rapid than molting inhibitors, 3 ～ 4 days after the start of death; no phytotoxicity, safe for crops, no residual drug spots; Malathion When the temperature is low, the virulence is reduced, and the dosage or concentration of the drug can be appropriately increased; the chewing mouthparts and the sucking mouthparts pests; the contact and stomach poisoning effects, certain fumigation and osmosis; the pests have strong knockdown force and high temperature The effect is good; the residual effect period is short; for sorghum, melon beans and pears, grapes, cherries and other varieties susceptible to phytotoxicity, should be used with caution; 10 days before harvesting. Diflubenzuron In the early larval stage, the older the insect, the worse the control effect. Inhibition of chitin synthesis; stomach toxicity, can invade the epidermis of insects and eggs, but no systemic action; spray on the back of plant leaves; efficacy period of up to 30 days, resistant to rain erosion; safe against natural enemies It has high activity against lepidoptera and mosquito larvae; it begins to die 3 days after the drug, and reaches the peak of death in 5 days; it is ineffective against adults; Quetiapine Insecticide, acaricidal effect, stomach poisoning and contact killing effect, no systemic and fumigation properties; good permeability, certain egg-killing effect, rapid degradation on plants, short residual period; prevention of chewing and sucking pests good Acridine Chlorinated nicotine pyridines; contact and stomach toxicity, good systemic activity; inhibition of acetylcholine receptor activity; effective control of aphids, spider mites, whiteflies, scales and lepidoptera in Hemiptera Leaf miner, small insectivore, and coleoptera, such as beetle, thrips and other pests; granules for soil treatment, can control underground pests; quick-acting, long-lasting effect, up to 20 days; Buprofezin It inhibits chitin synthesis and interferes with metabolism; it can only be effective after 3-7 days, and it has no direct lethal effect on adults, but it can shorten its life span, reduce the amount of eggs laid, and produce more sterile eggs. Even if the larvae hatch. He died soon. It has good control effect on the larvae, leafhoppers, whiteflies and scale insects of Hemiptera, with a potency period of more than 30 days; it can not be used by toxic soil method; it should not be directly contacted with cabbage or radish, otherwise brown spots will appear. And chlorophyll and other phytotoxicity. Isoprocarb It has a certain penetration and conduction activity and is fast-acting; it is mainly used for rice control of rice planthoppers and spider mites, and can be combined with scorpion horses; it can not be used simultaneously with enemy locusts, and must be separated by more than 10 days; The medicine has phytotoxicity to cockroaches and should not be used. Phoxim It has a wide spectrum of insecticides and strong knockdown. It is mainly used for contact and stomach toxicity. It has no systemic action and is effective against pteridophyte larvae. It also has a certain killing effect on eggs. Light is unstable, preferably at night or In the evening, the residual period is short; in the soil, the residual period is very long, suitable for controlling underground pests; cucumber and kidney beans are sensitive to phoxim, easy to produce phytotoxicity, sensitive to sorghum, not suitable for spraying; cornfield can only use granules Control corn borer, do not spray to control aphids, armyworms, etc. Killing phosphorus Contact, stomach poisoning and osmotic effect; chewing and sucking mouthparts pests have special effects on scale insects and have certain control effects on mites; residual effect period is 10-20 days; concentration in orchard should not be too high, otherwise it will cause Brown spot Bifenthrin Insecticides, acaricides; stomach poisoning and contact killing; rapid action, long-lasting effect; activity several times higher than other pyrethroids; vegetables are stopped 4 days before harvest; more effective at low temperatures, spring and autumn use. Method Rapid action; contact and stomach toxicity, at the same time an excellent ovicidal agent, and can penetrate into the body of the plant, moving from bottom to top with body fluids; Phoxim Contact and stomach toxicity, no systemic action; fast knockdown, can control larvae of underground pests and lepidopteran pests; see light easily decomposed; melons, beans, beets, corn sensitive to phoxim; before harvest Stop using on the 5th. Chlorpyrifos Broad spectrum, stomach poisoning, contact and fumigation; good effect on underground pests; coleoptera, lepidopteran pests and pests; melon seedlings sensitive; Cypermethrin Contact, stomach toxicity, and repellent effect, strong knockdown, fast insecticide; special effects on lepidopteran pests, and effective against aphids and small green leaves. The cockroach and blind cockroach have poor control effect; the residual period is relatively; the penetrating power is weak, and the internal pollution of the fruit is less; Deltamethrin The contact action has both stomach toxicity, repellent and antifeedant effects; Lepidoptera larvae have special effects, are ineffective against mites; penetration is weak, only contaminating the skin; Cyhalothrin It has strong contact and stomach toxic effects on pests and mites, and also has repellent effect; it is resistant to rain erosion; it can not be used for soil treatment; Cyfluthrin Contact and stomach toxicity; a variety of lepidopteran larvae have a good effect; egg killing; repellent effect; Bacillus thuringiensis Bacterial; stomach poison, producing bacterial toxins; slower effect; residual effect period of about 10 days; the higher the temperature, the more food, the better the effect; cabbage caterpillar, diamondback moth, Spodoptera litura, beet armyworm, silver streak Larvae of Lepidoptera pests such as Noctuidae; insecticidal effects can be exerted above 30 °C; use 2 to 3 days in advance Avermectin Broad-spectrum antibiotic insecticides, acaricides; stomach poisoning and contact killing, repellent; Tetraacetaldehyde Very strong attracting; spring, autumn rainy season; seedlings after sowing or transplanting; low temperature (below 1.5 °C) or high temperature (above 35 °C) due to weak snail activity, affecting the control effect; Dibutyl ether urea Thiourea insecticidal, acaricide; used on cotton, fruits, vegetables and tea trees; with systemic and fumigation, converted to insecticidal activity under ultraviolet light, suitable for use on sunny days; Aphids, big leafhoppers, and whitefly, etc.; control of Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae and Noctuidae; Diflubenzuron Chitin synthase is inhibited; it causes adult sterility, and has toxic effects on larvae, pupa, adults and eggs; the control effect on larvae of Lepidoptera and Diptera is more significant. Fluoropyrazine Insecticide and ovicidal activity, and quick-acting, especially control of cotton bollworm; a variety of coleoptera, diptera, homoptera insects inhibit pest eating speed; faster knockdown. (2) Acaricide An agent for controlling pests. There are specific acaricides (such as Nisolang, Kruth, etc.) and insecticidal acaricides (such as fenpropathrin, anthrone, etc.). (3) fungicide An agent for controlling phytopathogenic microorganisms. Such as Bordeaux mixture, chlorothalonil and so on. (4) Herbicides An agent used to control weeds in garden fields. Such as dichlorfen, propisochlor, paraquat and so on. (5) nematicides An agent for controlling phytopathogenic nematodes. Such as Weibaimu thiazole phosphorus and so on. (6) rodenticide An agent for controlling rodents. Such as the enemy sodium salt, fluconne and so on. (7) Plant growth regulator An agent for promoting or inhibiting the growth and development of a plant. Such as gibberellin, ethephon and so on. Classified according to pesticide source According to the source, pesticides can be divided into three categories: mineral source pesticides, biological source pesticides and chemical synthetic pesticides. (1) Mineral source pesticides Mineral-derived pesticides are processed from mineral raw materials such as stone sulphur mixture, Bordeaux mixture, king copper (basic copper chloride), and oil emulsion. (2) Biological pesticides Pesticides developed from natural biological resources (such as plants, animals, and microorganisms) when they are biologically derived. Due to different sources, it can be divided into plant-derived pesticides, animal-derived pesticides and microbial pesticides. 1 Plant-derived pesticides Plant-derived pesticides are processed by natural plants, such as pyrethrin, nicotine, rotenone, glycosides, brassinolides, and the like. Such pesticides are generally less toxic, safe to humans and animals, and free from phytotoxicity to plants, and pests are not susceptible to drug resistance. Botanical pesticides also include plant pesticides. It mainly refers to genetically modified pest-resistant or herbicide-tolerant crops, such as insect-resistant cotton that has been widely used in China. 2 Animal-derived pesticides Animal-derived pesticides are mainly divided into three categories: One is the toxins produced by animals that are toxic to pests. The silkworm toxin produced by marine animal silkworm is the most typical animal toxin and has become a major type of insecticide. The second is hormones produced by insects, including brain hormones, juvenile hormones, ecdysone and the like. They have the function of regulating the growth and development of insects. Insect pheromones, also known as insect pheromones, have the functions of attracting, stimulating, inhibiting, controlling insect feeding or mating and spawning. The third is animal pesticides, which refers to commercial natural enemy insects, predatory mites and insects modified by physical or biotechnology. China has made progress in the research and application of various natural enemies such as Trichogramma, Scorpion bee, and Lily wasp. 3 Microbial pesticides Microbial pesticides include agricultural antibiotics and living microorganisms. Agricultural antibiotics are metabolites produced by fermentation of antibiotics and have pesticide functions. Such as polymycin, liuyangmycin, avermectin and so on. In vivo microbial pesticides are pathogenic microorganisms of harmful organisms. Such as Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Microbial pesticides generally have no phytotoxicity to plants, have little impact on the environment, and are not susceptible to resistance by harmful organisms. (3) Chemically synthesized pesticides Synthetic pesticides are artificially developed when chemically synthesizing pesticides. The chemical structure of synthetic pesticides is very complicated, with many varieties, many varieties, large production capacity and wide application range. It has become the most used class of pesticides today. At present, most of the pesticides used in the production of horticulture, fruit trees and flowers belong to this category. More pesticide knowledge, please pay attention to China Pesticide Network (Source: Good Agricultural Resources Network)
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