Enlightenment from the California Electric Power Crisis

Mistakes triggered the power crisis in recent years and discussed lessons learned from the California power crisis.

California, California (abbreviated as California) is the most developed economy in the United States, and California, the state with the highest concentration of high-tech industries, is the leader in power demand-side management of renewable energy power generation, and the world’s largest wind power is 737MW in the Altemont Passage. Field and 6.5MW of the world's largest solar cell power station, built a 10MW tower solar thermal power station in the Ingar Desert in 1982, it can be said that the California power industry leads the new trend of the U.S. and the world power industry but California’s The market reform of the power industry has triggered a serious power crisis. 1 Overview of California's power reform program design Before the reforms in California, before the power system reform, the power industry is the vertical monopoly power administrative department is the US Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission The power regulatory authorities are the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission. At that time, the power industry had the following features: The main body of the electric power industry was three privately-owned utility power companies, namely Pacific Gas Power Company (PGE) Southern California Edison Power Company (SCE) and San Diego Gas Power Company (SDGE). All have power transmission, power generation and distribution facilities, and vertical monopoly operations. The three major companies have 30 GW of Table 2 Insulation Material Aging Test Data Material No. Tensile Strength/MPa Elongation at Break/% Temperature/C Duration/h1 f There are many columns and the body of the table is the main body of the table. It is used to accommodate data. The data in the table body generally does not include units, units or percent signs. And in the column, the numberless column in the table body can not be randomly filled or not. Use "0* or "..." instead. Because "0*" means the actual result is zero, ""

Or "..." indicates no discovery, blank indicates untested or no such item. Due to the conciseness of the expression of the form, the formatting requirements are high, and some contents or even the entire form often require additional explanations. If necessary, the symbols and signs in the table should be indicated. The code, as well as the items to be explained, are concise words and are listed below the table. When there are more than one list note, they can be numbered under the table. As shown in Table 3, when there are too many vertical items in the form and there are few horizontal items, the form can be cut off from the length direction, and then it can be transferred into two or three pieces in parallel. The two frames are separated by double thin lines. Each horizontal section should be repeated, as shown in Table 4.

The traditional card line table function is more complex than the column table. When the card line table is used, the correspondence between the data is obvious, it is not easy to confuse, and the layout is compact. The disadvantage is that there are too many horizontal and vertical lines, so it is not concise. Therefore, The author can use the three-line table or the card line table in the specific conditions of the table. The short-term table is recommended to use the three-wire table. Table 3 Summer Base Peak Load and Sensitive Peak Charge Growth Year Base Base Load Sensitive Peak Load AT81 Note: 1) Summer 8 00 dry-bulb temperature T8 span 7t: left and right as benchmarks, the average value of the load increased by 1*C for T8.

Table 4 Chromatographic analysis of a reactor oil PL/L gas Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Gas Phase B Phase C Phase Yang Linqing pen power generation equipment capacity, can meet the state's 75% of the electricity demand due to California's environmental restrictions are very strict, so There are only hydropower, natural gas power generation and nuclear power in the power supply. There is no coal-fired power plant that owns two municipal power companies. A federal Western Power System (WAPA) western power system passes the 500kV power grid and puts California's power system on the Pacific Northwest. The Department is linked to the power system in the southwestern part of the desert. Insufficient power in California is imported from the north and southwest respectively, and imported power accounts for 25% of California's electricity demand. For example, in 1999, the California power system had a maximum load of 45GW, except for the state. Outside 30GW, importing 7.5GW from the north, importing 8GW from the southwest, the electricity price of California in the United States is the highest before the reform. The average price of California in 1990 was 10 cents/(kW.h), which is higher than the then average of the United States. The price of electricity is 7 cents/(kW.h), which is about 40% higher. The reason for the high electricity price stems from the government’s commitment to power plants in the two oil crises of the 1970s, followed by California’s stringent environmental protection requirements, the inability to build coal-fired power stations, resulting in 25% of electricity reliance on imports, and thirdly, the nuclear power plant’s High cost, high on-grid tariffs 1.2 Reasons for reforms The reasons why California took the lead in power system reforms are many, mainly due to the economic downturn in California from 1988 to 1993. Residents complain that electricity prices are high, and they hope to cater to the trend of global power system reform and form a competitive situation in the electricity market. To reduce electricity prices; natural gas prices were low and abundant before and after 1990, and the construction of gas-fired combined-cycle power plants was more attractive; independent power producers (IPP) hoped to break the vertical monopoly power industry system and gain access to the electricity market; The understanding of the introduction of competition in the electricity market is superficial, and the enthusiasm for blind optimism is high; California has always been in the forefront of power development and reforms, and wants to take the lead in the introduction of competition mechanisms and deregulation in the power market. 1.3 The reform process Started research in 1990 and conducted research and regulations , Establishing relevant institutions, and finally began institutional reforms in March 1998. During the reform process, we designed a transitional period. It should be said that the preparatory work for the reforms has been done relatively well and is based on the actual situation of the California power industry, but the power industry The monopoly-to-competition reforms are indeed more complicated. A slight oversight will lead to a disaster. In this sense, the preparation for California's power reform is still insufficient.

In 1990, California Governor Davis conducted a survey of the power system reform; a force policy investigation; a blueprint for the establishment of a power utility restructuring by the California Public Utilities Commission in 1994; and in April 1996, the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued the implementation plan. The two laws of the electricity competition mechanism, Law No. 888, stipulate that all power generation and transmission must be monopolised, that all power companies must be fair and open to all users without discrimination, and users have the right to choose power supplies. The company must assume the obligation to set up an online information system, and at the same time provide that all parties entering the market enjoy a fixed transmission right.

In September 1996, the governor of California signed the State Assembly Act "AB1890," which stipulates the establishment of an independent system operating agency (ISO) responsible for the management and dispatch of California's transmission systems, the establishment of a power trading center (PX) for the sale of electricity services, three The major power companies must buy and sell electricity through power trading centers. The establishment of ISO and PX took a total of 500 million U.S. dollars. - Deregulation began on March 31, 1997. - Started on March 31, 1998. According to the competitive electricity market, California's major power companies are private, unlike the United Kingdom. Before the reform, the power companies were public, and the vertically monopolistic power companies were unwilling to separate the power transmission and distribution. Therefore, the AB 1890 Act was a political compromise. In order to introduce some mechanisms in the power generation sector, the Act stipulated that three companies should eliminate nuclear power. In addition to hydropower, 50% of all power generation equipment should be sold to private power generation companies; in order to introduce some mechanisms in the field of power sales, allowing the establishment of energy service providers (ESPs), all users can select power generators through ESP. At that time, the three major power companies believed that after the introduction of the competition mechanism, the price of electricity would drop, and the power company's built power plant would suffer stranded costs and require compensation. This Act stipulates that during the four years from March 1998 to March 2002, the user's electricity price will not drop, and the revenue from the on-grid tariff will be reduced after the competition on the generation side to compensate for stranded costs. 1-1-1. 92 State Public Utility Commission of the State of California Conducted electricity Ribl does not allow power e companies to book long-term power purchase contracts for all i.netbookmark2 As a result of reforms, the three major power companies still own thermal power, nuclear power and other small power plants, owning all transmission and distribution networks, and also own sales. In order to avoid electric power companies from manipulating the grid and the Electricity Price Act, the ownership of the transmission system is still owned by the power company. The dispatch and operation rights of the power grid are held in the hands of the ISO, and the dispatch and operation rights of the ISO must be controlled by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. (FERC) to supervise in order to break the vertical monopoly control of the power companies, the power companies actually become power distribution and power sales companies in the transition period in order to avoid the power companies manipulate the power price, the bill requires the power to pass PX spot trading, on-grid tariff It is decided by the competition of the power generation company that the transmission cost will be examined and approved by the government according to the operating cost. This kind of regulatory arrangement, market planning, and market rules laid the foundation for the crisis of the power crisis. 2 The California Electric Power Crisis's Occurrence and Development After the reform, it was more normal in the first year, but by the end of June 2000, the power crisis broke out.

The cause of the crisis was a severe shortage of electricity, which has not existed since World War II. The main reason was the failure of power reform planning and regulations. One or three public utility companies sold all power plants except hydropower and nuclear power in accordance with the government's instructions. The total capacity of power generation equipment was only 20 GW. Utility power companies lost the support of power supply.

Due to strict environmental regulations, local residents' opposition to the construction of power plants, and the competitive rules of the electricity market, power generation companies are daunted. In the ten years after 1989, no new power plants were built. If it is possible to enter into power purchase contracts in other regions in advance, the problem of power shortage can also be solved. However, since power control and market planning do not permit the conclusion of long-term power purchasing contracts, the lack of power is inevitable because of the recovery of the US economy, resulting in a sharp increase in electricity demand. (20% of the peak loads in 1999 and 2000) and the neighboring states are so that even if there is a strong grid, it is impossible to obtain new power from the neighboring regions. One of California's three major utilities is deprived of dispatching operation power. The safety and reliability of the power grid are borne by ISO. The control of the transmission grid results in a meager profit for the power grid. The three power companies do not have the incentive to invest in the construction of the transmission grid and form a “bottleneck” in the transmission grid, even if there are neighboring countries and neighbouring states. Wealthy power is available, but it cannot be transported to California. In addition to errors in power control and market planning, many abnormal conditions occurred in 2000, fueling the lack of electricity. The main factors are: In the summer of 2000, continuous high temperature and natural conditions appeared on the west coast of the United States. In winter 2000, the winter cold wave hit the Pacific coast, adding a new peak load factor to the load of the drama. One-fifth of California's original power plants have worked 30 percent. More than a year later, it encountered high temperatures and cold waves, which significantly reduced power generation output.

A hot summer brings drought. The hydropower stations in the northwest of California have seen dry water and the power output of several GW hydropower plants has dropped. Huge waves have involved seaweeds in the inlets of nuclear power plants, causing the nuclear oil price in 2000 to be 10 US dollars per barrel. Rising above 30 U.S. dollars, natural gas prices rise. California's coal-fired power plants are all gas-fired power stations. Power producers seek high profits, put natural gas on the market, stop generating electricity, and buy electricity from the market at relatively cheap electricity prices. In order to meet the power supply demand, the government has no corresponding control measures. In the case of serious power shortages, the on-grid electricity price of the power plant soars. Under the condition that there is no increase in the price of power generation fuel, under the conditions of competitive electricity market, the price of electricity It is bound to rise. After oil and natural gas soared last year, it is natural that the price of electricity rose by 4 times or even 8 times. Although the electricity market rules once specified the ceiling price for power plants, the cap price was set at 750 US dollars/(MW). h), which is about 15~37.5 times the normal price of $2050/(MW.h), and does not allow for dumping. June 2000, on-grid tariff Up to 120 USD/(MW.h), which is 6 times the average on-grid price in the same period in 1999, and the electricity price on the Internet rose further to 136 USD/(MW.h) by the beginning of December, more than double the retail price of PGE electricity, 12 On January 9th, ISO unilaterally canceled the decline in the capped price of the Internet. The on-grid electricity price soared to US$450/(MW*h). In this case, there are two cases: one is the PGE and SCE that are still in transition. The two power companies, due to the soaring electricity prices of power plants and the fixed end-user electricity prices, have not only failed to compensate for stranded costs, but have lost US$13 billion in late February 2001 and are on the verge of bankruptcy.

The two major power companies were locked out of the capital market because of their debts and their inability to pay off their debts. 56 of the 66 banks that PGE contacted refused to provide loans. At the end of the day, the Bank of America took the lead before lending it to 850 million U.S. dollars. Since the two major power companies could not pay power to the power plants, the power plants refused to sell power to them. The two major power companies Through the state government’s request for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to lower the cap price, on June 28, 2000 ISO capped the cap price to US$500/(MW.h) and again to US$250/(MW.h) in August; by 2001 In January, the state government asked FERC to further reduce the cap on the internet to US$100/(MW.h), which was rejected by FERC. FERC believes that lowering the cap price will cause the generator to run away, adding to the situation in California.

The station was forced to reduce its output. Aeademie EleetroniePublishin another! The San Diego gas-fired power station followed by the transitional period was followed by the two major power companies requesting an increase in the user's electricity price by 30%. On January 3, 2001, the California Public Utilities Commission allowed the electricity prices of the two companies to increase by 15% for a period of 90 days. The majority of consumers oppose the increase in electricity prices. In this situation, only the California government raises funds and purchases electricity.

The power plant, Gannen government acquired the transmission grid, and set up the bureau for years to brewing. After adopting the legislation first, the reform measures were introduced into the company (SDGE) in 998. The transition period ended on July 31, 1999, and the user electricity price was lifted. Freezing, after the power crisis in June 2000, users in the power supply areas of San Diego and Orange County had tripled their electricity prices, and users responded strongly. By September 2000, the California government had set a ceiling on user electricity prices for San Diego Gas Power Company. Pull market pricing back to government pricing.

California’s severe shortage of electricity and skyrocketing electricity prices have resulted in the California government’s efforts to save electricity, rationalize dispatch, and subsidize electricity consumption by residents. From June to September 2000, the California government issued a second-level power alert calling for users to save electricity. In mid-January to late February 2001, a third-level power alert was issued to further call for conservation. The state and federal government adopted a series of measures to ease the power crisis: On August 2, 2000, California Governor Davis distributed three orders to stabilize electricity prices, reduce demand, and demand state agencies to reduce electricity consumption and simplify new ones. The approval process of the power plant required the California Attorney General to investigate possible market manipulation in the electricity market. In December 2000, the California Parliament passed the California Electricity Safety and Reliability Act to speed up the approval of new power plants.

At the end of 2000, California Governor Davis met with President of the United States President Charrington Federal Reserve Board Greenspan to discuss ways to resolve California's power crisis. Governor of California and hosted a special meeting in the California Parliament to discuss new legislation on reducing on-grid tariffs. At the same time, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission was sued in the Federal Courts for the poor control of the on-grid tariff. In mid-January 2001, President Bush proposed a 10-year plan for energy development, including: stimulating domestic oil production, providing tax incentives for the oil industry, and prohibiting development before opening up. Alaskan Arctic National Wildlife Reserves and other federal lands allow the exploration and development of oil and natural gas, strengthen the management of new power plants, allow states to make full use of older power production facilities, and relax environmental pollution control standards.

In January 2001, the California government required independent power producers (IPPs) to sell their electricity to utility power companies. And ordered utility utilities to no longer sell power plants.

In February 2001, the California government discussed whether it is necessary to restore the original power control system and whether the state government will have to invest in the transmission grid and power plants.

In late February 2001, Governor Davis announced a rescue plan to prepare for the use of billions of U.S. dollars in public funds to get California out of a serious power crisis and consider power company repurchase. In February 2001, the California government was preparing to issue 20 billion U.S. dollars. The U.S. dollar municipal bond, the state legislature has approved the issuance of 10 billion U.S. dollars of bonds by the state government, signed a long-term electricity purchase contract, and the federal authorities demanded that more than 95% of the electricity supply must adopt long-term contracts. The measure adopted by the California government since January 2001 is Very effective, according to the current situation, the California power crisis at least until the end of 2001, will cause a loss of 20 billion U.S. dollars to the California economy, the small user electricity price may have to increase 50%, the shareholder of utility companies will cause 70% of the Loss of power crisis in the state's power crisis at the time was a heavy blow to the ideal of California's power system reform, a clear solo for the global power system reform Qi 1 3 lessons learned from the California power crisis California power reform caused a power crisis, announced California's complete failure of power system reform, measures taken after the California power crisis Looking at it, it seems that California is ready to return to the government’s road to the government’s purchase of power grids and power plants. It’s worth considering seriously. What lessons have we learned from California's power crisis? Electricity is an important factor in the stability and development of the economy. When it comes to power reforms, California’s power system reform must be prudent because of improper measures and trigger a serious power crisis. The power crisis not only gives California It has caused huge economic losses and has had a serious impact on the stability of the society. Governor Davies said: “The widespread state of emergency and power supply continues to be turbulent and has had a serious impact on California’s service work, law enforcement work, schools, hospitals, residents’ lives, commercial activities, and industrial and agricultural production. The personal and property security in the company poses a considerable risk. Because of its enormous impact, it may be beyond the control of individual individuals and a certain festival or county in any industry."

California's power crisis not only affects California's economy, it even affects the nation's securities market and economy. Ferreman said: "There is no substitute for electricity. In the absence of any one of its lights, the computer is dark and the traffic lights are extinguished. Electricity is the oxygen of life." Therefore, we must be careful about the reform of the power system. Any reform must be foolproof. Nothing goes wrong.

The reform of the power system is still in an experimental stage. It may be successful or it may fail. When there is a need for adequate ideological preparation of the competition mechanism for possible failure, a four-year transitional period has been designed, but due to some problems, due consideration has been given The unpredictable problems of high temperature cold waves, dry water, soaring oil and natural gas prices, and the emergence of a serious power crisis. The UK's 10-year power system reform is not satisfactory. It is studying and formulating new reform programs. When we carry out power system reform, we must Preventing the erroneous ideology of "competitive universalism" and "market economy omnipotence". In the process of introducing the market mechanism, we must identify the areas where the market economy may fail. Take necessary measures. Don't forget the load forecasting, power planning, and power balance. When carrying out power system reforms, don’t neglect the development of power in California for 10 years. In the past 10 years, no new power plants have been built or new transmission and distribution facilities have been built. After the power crisis, it is too late to relax environmental standards and encourage the construction of new power sources. After President Bush took office, he decided to seize it from the source. However, far water could not save the country near the flames. The countries with abundant electricity and slow electricity demand, such as the United States and Northeast Asian countries, have weak electricity and long-term electricity demand. In the light of rapid circumstances, we must pay attention to the reform to promote the development of California's power crisis to tell us: not any reform program can promote the development of electricity; long-term changes in the demand for electricity is very fast, sometimes unpredictable; the capital-intensive construction period of the power industry is long Reliance on the self-adjustment of the market economy is difficult to adapt to; the competitive electricity market is full of risks. Excessive competition makes power generators, transmission providers, and power distribution companies daunting and stagnating. Power shortages can cause generators to generate huge profits. Inappropriate reform programs will inevitably lead to power shortages. Therefore, when designing a power reform program, we must proceed from the actual conditions in the country, bypass the “traps”, and promote the development of electric power so that the reforms can be successful.

Electricity is a basic and public industry. It must have strong controls and market supervision. U.S. electricity control has a history of nearly 70 years. It is the country with the longest history and richest experience in electricity control in all countries of the world, but the old controls Institutions and regulatory instruments can only adapt to vertical monopoly power systems. After the introduction of competition mechanisms in the electricity market, emphasis is placed on deregulation and the division of labor between federal and state regulations is unknown. Duties overlap and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission oversees ISO. , coupled with weak market supervision, contributed to the power crisis in California. The world’s power reform countries, the vast majority follow the example of the United Kingdom to implement the first-level control, only the United States, India implement two-level control, after the power system reform, two-level control How to do this requires that there must be strong controls and market supervision at all times, otherwise the power reform will be difficult to succeed.

In the field of power generation and power sales, the introduction of competition mechanisms still requires in-depth research. Currently, the direction of power reform in the world is to separate power generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity, introduce competition mechanisms in the field of power generation and sales, and continue to monopolize power transmission and distribution. California had three major utility power companies before the reform. It had all the asset distribution, vertical distribution, and monopoly operations. It caused some difficulties in the four divisions. During the initial period of reform, 61% of the power plants of the three major companies were sold to IPP. After the crisis, electricity prices skyrocketed. At that time, some people thought that if there was no separation of power plants, there would not be a surge in electricity prices. Even if prices rose, PGSPEC would not cause such a serious deficit. By February of this year, it considered that the three major companies would buy back power plants. Even after the government acquired the power plant and the transmission grid became a state-run enterprise, the cost of power generation dropped by 50% after the separation of the UK plant and network, but the on-grid electricity price did not decrease significantly, and a new reform plan was being brewed to break the single purchase agency.

In the electricity retail market, California has encouraged the establishment of an independent electric energy service retailer (ESP). Initially there were 300 EPSs. After the fierce competition in the market, the number of registered ESPs decreased to 59, and only 11 survived last year. Half of them are in a dismal state of operation. The power retail market still has low value-added and profitable levels from the original electric power companies' counter-holding power retail business. Only the EPSs with economies of scale can survive; and small-scale ESPs are difficult to fund and manage. It competes with affiliated power retailers of major power companies; a few small ESPs run green power (wind power solar power, etc.) or emphasize the survival of online energy sales (EnaigyOnline). Therefore, many problems in the introduction of competition mechanisms in the field of power generation and sales have yet to be studied in depth. The separation of power market management, trading, and dispatch is not desirable. It should be considered that centralized management of competitive power markets requires power market management, energy trading, and sequencing. Scheduling and system operation, supporting service transactions and off-site bilateral transactions. In California, as the power plants of the three major power companies are not completely separated, PX is responsible for power market management and power trading. The sorting, dispatching, and system operation and auxiliary services are handled by ISO. The bilateral power exchanges on the market are handled by SC. The electricity crisis tells us that 1 the power industry is completely separated from U. Wales and Wales has established a non-profit public netbookmark3. The situation in Australia is similar to that of California. They are unifiedly under the exclusive responsibility of the national power market management company, while the United Kingdom is competitive with the NGC. The unified function of the power market is the responsibility of NGC. From the perspective of California's power crisis, the separation of ISO and PX has complicated the operation and resulted in increased operating costs and conservative operations.

The operating costs of PX and ISO are up to US$ 1/(MW.h) (of which PX is US$ 0.3 and ISO is US$ 0.7). This bidding system, like that of the United Kingdom and Australia, has no users to participate in bids. It only emphasizes the bidding system on the power generation side. Can not make the optimal allocation of power resources, the user can not get the price of the reaction power spot market, especially in the California power market, there is no long-term contracts, short-term contracts, only the spot market, is one of the important reasons for the abnormal increase in power price of the power crisis .

The vertical monopoly management and competitive power market price mechanism are different. To introduce competition mechanism in the power market must have the idea of ​​violent price fluctuations. The purpose of California's introduction of competition mechanism in the power industry is to improve the efficiency of the power industry and reduce The original market plan for electricity prices is also intended to reduce electricity prices. Considering the introduction of a competition mechanism to reduce electricity prices, the original electricity company has a stranded cost that cannot be recovered. Therefore, a four-year transition period was designed to fix the user electricity price, and to reduce the on-grid electricity price of the power plant through competition. With competitive price reduction partially compensating for stranded costs but introducing competition mechanisms in the power generation sector, due to serious power shortages, the on-grid tariffs of power plants have risen instead of falling, resulting in “high-price, low-price output” by power companies. By January 2001, the two major The power company had a US$13 billion loss and was on the verge of bankruptcy. This was a serious mistake in market planning. Whether it was a state-owned or private vertical monopoly power company, its electricity price was priced according to cost + profit + tax, and the government implemented price control. The price of electricity is relatively stable, and the general price of electricity is lower than the long range. The expansion rate of goods and the price of electricity in the competitive electricity market vary with supply and demand. When demand exceeds supply, the price of electricity will rise. When supply exceeds demand, the price of electricity will decline. After the introduction of a competitive electricity market in the UK, the balance of supply and demand is maintained. Moreover, there are many price reduction factors in power plants, so the price tends to drop. After California introduced a competitive electricity market, there was a serious shortage of electricity and the price of electricity rose sharply. Both the government and users lacked ideological preparation and caused a passive situation. Therefore, the original price of electricity in market economy countries was basically the same. In line with the laws of the market economy, it is possible to maintain a reasonable reduction in electricity prices as long as the supply and demand balance is maintained or slightly rich. If the market planning is improper, it may cause the electricity price to soar and plummet, and the soaring electricity price will be detrimental to social and economic development. It may damage the power industry, and even make the power company bankrupt. In most areas of China, the price of electricity is low, and the demand for electricity is very fast. The purpose of introducing a competition mechanism in the power industry is to increase the efficiency of the power industry and ensure the healthy development of the power industry through the market. Operation rationalizes electricity prices and should not be The purpose of the reform is absolutely determined by the reduction of electricity prices. In particular, China’s current electricity price structure is seriously distorted, and civil electricity prices are low. Industrial electricity prices are high. After the introduction of a competition mechanism, the rise in civilian electricity prices is not guaranteed because of the decline in industrial electricity prices. Interim adjustments can be made to meet shortfalls, but it is impossible to resolve sudden and severe power shortages. The California power grid is an important part of the US Pacific power grid and is not an isolated power grid. California suffered severe power shortages in the summer and winter of 2000, albeit at a large scale. In the power grid, but neighboring states are equally nervous and unable to support California in large quantities. In particular, since the reform, the three major power companies have lacked enthusiasm for the development of the power grid. Even if neighboring states have excess power to supply, it is difficult to obtain sufficient power supply because of the “bottleneck” of the power grid. Therefore, the electric power industry should not blindly hope to solve all the problems through networking. To solve the problem of power shortage, it is necessary to strengthen the study of power development planning, strengthen the research of a grid, strengthen the research of the secondary system, and take precautions. In the planning of the electricity market and the design of the electricity market rules, it is possible to provide necessary conditions for such preparation. The CD-ROM version of the “China Electric Power” magazine 2000 will soon be available for readers. The China Electric Power Magazine will publish and publish it in 2000. China Electric Power Co., Ltd. This CD-ROM contains 12 articles and advertisements throughout the year in 2000 covering electric power and economics, power generation technology, power systems, transmission and distribution, power automation, environmental protection, and power informatization; There are statistical data and scientific and technological information such as the monthly statistics and annual reports of China's power industry production statistics and domestic and foreign scientific and technological information, allowing you to keep abreast of the latest trends in the production, management and technological development of domestic and foreign power industries. With powerful search capabilities, you can easily and quickly retrieve the articles, advertisements, and other valuable information you need.

The CD-ROM is currently under the hotline subscription, the price of 50 yuan (including postage) issued a limited number, if you need to contact

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