Development of metal processing automation

Since the birth of automated machine tools, it has been developing in the direction of high speed, high precision, automation, compounding and intelligent networking. Automation is an important means to improve production efficiency, save manpower, reduce the influence of human factors and meet the needs of mass production. one.

The automation of machine tools mainly develops in two aspects, one is the development of mechanical structure, and the other is the development of control systems. The interaction between the two has continuously promoted the level of machine tool automation, and because of the application of intelligent network technology in machine tools, the machine tool not only has the function of metal processing, but also has the ability of management.

In terms of mechanical structure, the early automatic machine tools were mainly simple two-axis controlled CNC lathes and three-axis controlled CNC milling machines. However, such an automatic machine can only achieve simple machining. A slightly complicated workpiece can not be processed or the machine needs to be stopped, and a manual tool change is performed. The effect of automation is greatly reduced. Therefore, an automatic CNC lathe can be automatically added. The turret for tool change has added a tool magazine for automatic tool change on the CNC milling machine. In order to further improve the efficiency and shorten the auxiliary time, the robot is added on the basis of the tool magazine, which greatly shortens the time for tool change. Now, the turret and magazine robot have become standard equipment for CNC lathes and machining centers. The turret function of CNC lathes has also changed. Not only can the tool be clamped, but also the power head can be configured to achieve drilling and milling. . The tool magazine of the machining center is moving towards the larger capacity of the tool magazine and the faster tool change.

With CNC machine tools with automatic tool changer, it is possible to carry out continuous automatic machining of complex parts. Therefore, this is an important step for the development of machine tools in the direction of automation, but this is not enough for more complex parts processing. It is often necessary to perform multiple setups to complete the process. For example, some parts have milling operations in addition to turning. After one turning of the workpiece is completed, the other part of the workpiece is re-installed, so the milling shaft, the second spindle and the Y-axis are added on the basis of the lathe. As a turning center machine tool, the range of machining of the lathe can be expanded. Some machining parts of complex workpieces are distributed on multiple planes of the workpiece. In order to reduce the number of clamping, four or five axes are added to the three-axis machining center to process more complex parts, or to increase the vertical conversion head. Achieve five-sided processing.

On the basis of the development of the CNC lathe towards the turning center development and machining center towards the multi-axis direction, the two series of machine tools have gradually merged, resulting in a new turning and milling machine tool. The turning and milling compound machine can be divided into two series, one is a turning and milling machine tool developed on the basis of the lathe. This is a milling spindle that can be strongly milled at the position of the original turret. The machining center tool can also be equipped with a lathe tool and equipped with a magazine robot for automatic tool change, so it has the same powerful turning and milling capabilities. In addition, the second spindle is configured, and the second turret is arranged underneath, so that the number of controllable axes of the machine tool reaches nine, and complete processing of more complicated parts is realized. There is also a composite machine tool developed in the machining center. Some machining centers have CNC rotary tables. The traditional CNC rotary table only uses the indexing of the workpiece or as a rotating shaft. With the development of technology, the present The speed of the CNC rotary table is getting higher and higher. It is not only a coordinate axis that can be rotated, but also can be used as the spindle of the machine. When the CNC rotary table is rotated at high speed with the workpiece, if the milling spindle of the machine is replaced with a turning tool When the workpiece is machined, it becomes a CNC vertical car. Therefore, the compound machining center with the machining center function and the vertical car function developed at the machining center can perform the turning and milling compound processing of larger workpieces, such as aircraft engine parts. Processing, etc. Such a machine tool has two series of composite processing machines developed on a five-axis vertical machining center and a composite machining machine developed on a horizontal machining center.

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