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According to different types of pathogens, avian influenza can be divided into three categories: highly pathogenic, low pathogenic and non-pathogenic avian influenza. Non-pathogenic avian influenza does not cause obvious symptoms, only virus-producing antibodies are produced in infected birds; low-pathogenic avian influenza can cause mild respiratory symptoms in poultry, reduced food intake, decreased egg production, and sporadic death; Highly pathogenic avian influenza is the most serious disease. It is a devastating severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. Infected flocks are often “overwhelmed†and every serious outbreak brings to the poultry industry. Huge loss.
Autumn and winter season is a period of high incidence of avian flu. Therefore, objectively analyze the epidemic characteristics of avian flu, understand how the virus is introduced and transmitted, and combine the actual situation of poultry production with targeted prevention and control to better prevent bird flu. To reduce the economic losses caused.
1 Avian influenza epidemic characteristics The avian influenza virus can infect a variety of birds, including birds, poultry, wild birds, waterfowl and wild waterfowl, and migratory birds. Migratory birds are an important route of transmission for this disease. In the autumn, when the northern migratory birds move southward, the poultry industry should try to raise the breeding of poultry (especially chickens) as much as possible, reduce the harm of wild birds to poultry, and reduce the chance of migratory waterfowl, especially ducks.
Thousands of avian influenza viruses have been isolated from various poultry and wild birds worldwide. The large number of subtypes makes the avian influenza virus mutate very quickly, which determines the following three particularly important tasks: monitoring, molecular ecology and molecular epidemiology, and vaccine research and application.
Avian influenza viruses are mainly found in the digestive tract, respiratory tract and avian organs of sick and infected birds. Most of the blood of acute flu sick birds contain high titers of viruses and are highly infectious. The spread of avian flu is caused by direct contact between infected birds and susceptible birds, indirect contact with susceptible birds and viral contaminants, and aerosols. Since most tissues of sick birds contain high titers of viruses, the virus can be excreted with the eyes, nose, oral secretions and feces, and any objects contaminated with virus-containing secretions, feces, and dead poultry bodies, such as feed and drinking water. , chicken houses, air, cages, feeding and management equipment, transport vehicles, insects and various birds carrying viruses can be transmitted mechanically.
With the widespread use of avian influenza vaccines, atypical avian influenza has become mainstream in some areas, despite the rare occurrence of morbidity and epidemics (mainly non-immunized groups). And from the chicken-intensive area to the remote areas, therefore, there are local epidemics in remote areas, especially for commercial laying hens and broilers.
2 Avian influenza control measures For the farmers themselves, the prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry must start with the elimination of pathogens, the removal of transmission routes, and immune-susceptible animals. In peacetime, we must establish the concept and consciousness of "prevention first, comprehensive management".
(1) Strictly implement and improve the regular bio-safety measures of the farm 1. Set up isolation belts between the three functional areas of living areas, production areas and contaminated areas, and implement strict disinfection. Only one type of poultry can be kept in the same poultry farm. It is strictly forbidden to breed chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons and wild birds.
2, the chicken farm must be closed management, the breeding staff must live in the poultry farm, production personnel including breeders, feed blenders, veterinarians, etc. into the production area, should wear overalls and work shoes, hats, overalls and work shoes, Caps should be cleaned and disinfected frequently and should not be worn out of the production area. Poultry and wild birds are not allowed in the staff’s home. The eggs and chicken consumed by the staff are uniformly supplied from the venue. Veterinarians are not allowed to see a doctor for medical treatment. Outsiders are not allowed to enter the production area and are denied any form of visit.
3, the disinfection pool should be set at the gate of the field, the site should be managed by a special person, the disinfection pool should be regularly replaced and supplemented with disinfectant to maintain the disinfection concentration, and supervise the disinfection of personnel and vehicles. The staff entering the factory will enter the factory area with the foot disinfection pad. The disinfection room of the production area shall also be equipped with a cleaning and disinfection room. The employees entering the production room shall take off the clothes and enter the shower room for cleaning. Then, they will be replaced with special work clothes and boots. After the irradiation time, the pedal disinfection pool enters. When entering the chicken house, the hands should be disinfected, and the disinfection basin should be set at the door of the chicken house, and the feet can be put into the work after entering the disinfection basin. Each house has a full-time manager and cannot be separated. The production equipment of various chicken houses must also be dedicated.
4. From the perspective of bio-safety, the chicken farm also needs to establish the following bio-safety system: vehicles that transport feed equipment will go to the clean lane, and vehicles that transport chicken manure, chicken, and sick chickens will go dirty, and the two will be on site. Try to avoid close contact between poultry and wild birds in the production of farms, especially not to contact birds such as wild ducks. This is important for preventing the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. At the same time, it is forbidden to keep cats, dogs and other animals in the chicken farm.
5. The ability of avian influenza virus to survive in the external environment is poor. As long as the disinfection measures are proper, it is not difficult to kill the bird flu virus. Disinfectants commonly used in poultry farms, such as aldehydes, chlorine-containing preparations, oxidants, and alkalis, can kill viruses in the environment. The disinfection effect of the following disinfectants is more effective. After the chickens are slaughtered or transferred, the empty house disinfection system should be carried out, especially in chicken farms where bird flu has occurred. First, the pens should be cleaned, then thoroughly rinsed with water, rinsed and sterilized with aldehydes and chlorine. Agents, phenols, oxidants, alkalis, etc. can kill viruses in the environment. When disinfecting, the ground, net bed, and chicken house door should be sprayed. After disinfection, the time of emptying is not less than one week. Each batch of chickens must be in a full-in and all-out manner, and must not be mixed. During the breeding period, the chickens should be disinfected, the hatching room should be disinfected 1-2 times a week, the fattening house and the breeding house should be disinfected once a week, and the high-efficiency and low-toxic disinfectant should be used.
The free-range farmers should do regular disinfection of poultry, pens and surrounding environment. The staff should regularly go to the farmer's home to vaccinate poultry for bird flu vaccine. When buying and selling poultry, strict quarantine should be taken to prevent sick poultry from being released. Strictly prevent the spread of epidemics. Usually the poultry house should be closed to prevent wild birds and rodents from entering. Waste, especially manure, must be managed on a regular basis, taking measures such as fermentation.
(2) Do a good job in immunization and improve the effective immune density of poultry population. Targeted vaccination during a specific period of time is a key measure to prevent avian influenza outbreaks and epidemics. Due to the large serotype of avian influenza, and poor cross protection. Therefore, when vaccinating, it is necessary to select the appropriate subtype vaccine for the local subtype, and then obtain a good immune effect. Currently inactivated vaccines are generally used for immunization. Our country mainly uses avian influenza vaccines that prevent H5 and H9 subtypes. Before the injection, we must first check whether the validity period of the vaccine is within the valid period; secondly, check the quality of the vaccine to see if it has deteriorated or precipitated. For immunization of flocks, appropriate vaccines and immunization timings must be selected based on the occurrence and prevalence of the disease in the region and the chicken farm. At the same time, the antibody monitoring is strengthened to determine the secondary immune interval of various seedlings or to decide whether to supplement the immunization.
3 Measures after the occurrence of bird flu epidemic (1) After the suspected bird flu epidemic is discovered, it is necessary to diagnose it early, strictly isolate it, and quickly formulate corresponding epidemic prevention measures. Immediately organize staff consultations and conduct in-depth epidemiological investigations to further determine the incidence of flocks. To find out the age, clinical symptoms, morbidity, number of sick houses, the size of infectious diseases, the speed of spread of the disease, and the necropsy changes of the dead chickens.
(2) The administrative department of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine shall report to the people's government at the same level and the competent department at a higher level. After receiving the report, the people's government at the county level shall immediately issue a blockade culling order to strictly seal the diseased field or the village as an epidemic point. At the same time, the epidemic area was demarcated within 3 km around the epidemic area, and warning signs were placed around it. The area within 5 km around the epidemic area was designated as a threatened area, and the poultry in the threatened area were immunized urgently. Appoint special personnel at the traffic intersections entering and leaving the epidemic areas, equipped with disinfection equipment, and establish temporary quarantine and disinfection stations. It is forbidden to infect and release live poultry and easy to infect poultry products, and strictly disinfect the ingress and exit personnel and vehicles.
(3) All the infected poultry (including chickens, ornamental birds and wild birds) infected by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in the epidemic area must be culled. The poultry bodies are buried and burned for harmless treatment. The site of the burial is as close as possible to the site of the epidemic area to reduce transportation and avoid contamination of the surrounding environment on the way to transport the body. The pit should be away from water, cable, water pipes, gas pipes and other facilities. A sign shall be established near the buried pit and shall not be used for agricultural production. Contaminated feed and manure are piled up for fermentation.
(4) The diagnosis of suspected sick birds should be handled separately. Further examination of suspected flocks should be carried out for virus isolation and serological diagnosis for early diagnosis. Positive birds should be culled in groups. Regular inspections of negative flocks and flocks around the affected area are performed at least twice a week for at least 4 weeks. The dead chickens are collected and sent to the laboratory for virus isolation to determine the cause of death and then processed according to the specific circumstances.
(5) Suspension of poultry-related trading markets in the epidemic area. The poultry slaughterhouses in the quarantine area can only slaughter chickens that have been quarantined to be healthy. Their products can only be sold in the epidemic area. It is strictly forbidden to transport them to eliminate the source of infection and prevent the spread of pathogens.
(6) Strengthen disinfection and cut off the route of transmission. Bird houses contaminated with avian influenza virus should remain at least 3 days as they are. During this period, disinfection is carried out under the guidance and supervision of the personnel involved. The disinfection of poultry houses must first be sprayed with insecticides to eliminate mosquitoes and flies in poultry houses and feces. After cleaning and disinfection, they are transported to the piled manure field for accumulation and fermentation, and then sprayed once with disinfectant. After one month of emptying, samples are taken for virus isolation. To determine the effectiveness of the disinfection. The negative separation of the virus indicates that the disinfection effect is good. It is necessary to continue to empty the house for more than one month before allowing the chicken to be reared. All vehicles that may be contaminated in the epidemic area should be strictly disinfected. The outside, inside and all corners and gaps of the vehicle should be rinsed with clean water and disinfected with disinfectant without leaving a dead angle. Garbage and manure cleaned from the vehicle should be treated harmlessly. Used personal protective equipment such as gloves, plastic bags and masks should be destroyed.
After the free-range households cull chickens, ducks and other birds, the site must be cleaned and disinfected. Wear protective clothing before cleaning and disinfecting. The manure in the poultry house should be completely removed, and the poultry manure scattered in the yard should be collected and stored in a sealed seal fermentation or incineration. When cleaning up the piled poultry manure, it should be drenched with water and no dust should be raised.
Source: Beijing News Network
Avian influenza is an infection or disease syndrome of poultry (poultry and wild birds) caused by influenza A virus, also known as true chicken or European chicken. Avian flu is one of the most important diseases currently threatening the world poultry industry.
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