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The base fertilizer is the fertilizer applied in combination with soil tillage before the crop is planted or transplanted and planted. Its purpose is to create good soil nutrient conditions for the growth and development of spring crops to meet the basic requirements of soil nutrition during the entire growth period of the crop. To this end, the application of base fertilizer should have the following characteristics: the fertilizer source is diverse and comprehensive, the fertilizer effect period is long; the fertilizer application amount is large; the fertilization method must be matched with the cultivation.
Combined with the actual situation of spring sowing production last year, it is necessary to emphasize the key point of the third point of fertilization. If the fertilizer source and dosage are suitable, but the application method is not correct, the result will not be good, the light fertilizer is poor, and it is difficult to achieve the production target. The heavy one will also cause fertilization accidents, not to reduce production or to destroy seedlings.
Here are two examples to illustrate. Case 1: When Tongliao farmers broadcast spring corn, the base fertilizer applied high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (30-5-5) 40 kg per mu, using ditch casting method, shallow depth, resulting in too poor seedling and had to be replayed; Case 2, Shandong Heze farmer grows garlic, base fertilizer with a bag of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) plus a bag of diammonium phosphate, the amount of fertilizer is too large and too concentrated, causing the rhizosphere soil salt concentration is too high, inhibiting the growth of garlic seedlings, resulting in reduced production obvious. It can be seen that the key to the application of base fertilizer is to ensure the safety of fertilization. The following three characteristics of the basic fertilizer are introduced separately:
1. The fertilizer source is diverse and comprehensive, and the fertilizer effect period is longer; the base fertilizer of spring crops is preferably combined with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Since the base fertilizer can be combined with deep tillage, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are simultaneously applied to the soil, which not only provides crop nutrition, but also fertilizes the soil, and realizes the combination of farming and land raising to achieve continuous yield increase. But in fact, in addition to the large application of organic fertilizers in economic crops such as vegetables and fruits, rice crops and even cotton use only chemical fertilizers as base fertilizers. The fertilizer used as the base fertilizer may be a compound fertilizer or a simple fertilizer. At present, the proportion of compound fertilizer as base fertilizer has increased year by year, and the selection of medium-high concentration and special-purpose compound fertilizer has increased year by year. Among the nutrient ratios of the compound fertilizer, the general type and the medium nitrogen and high phosphorus type potassium type are more suitable as the base fertilizer, and the high nitrogen, low phosphorus and low potassium type compound fertilizer is not suitable as the base fertilizer.
2. The application amount is large; the fertilization target determines the amount of base fertilizer to be sufficient. However, the total amount of recommendation is based on soil testing results and crop fertilizer requirements. The so-called application amount is relatively large, relative to the seed fertilizer and top dressing, not blindly increasing. In terms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the proportion of base fertilizer is different. The proportion of base fertilizer of phosphorus and potassium accounts for 80% to 90% of the total recommended crops, that is, phosphorus and potassium are basically used in base fertilizer. However, nitrogen fertilizers are different, requiring up to half of the nitrogen fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer, and half or more of the nitrogen fertilizer is reserved for topdressing.
3. The application method must be suitable for the position of the fertilizer; the application of the base fertilizer should be combined with the mechanical tillage operation, the fertilizer can be applied to the appropriate depth, and the position is in the crop root zone, so that the efficiency of fertilization is high. Therefore, the application of the base fertilizer is closely coordinated with the root layer cultivation. In particular, when organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are mixed and applied, a large amount of fertilizer is applied to a certain depth by ploughing or rotary tillage and mixed with the soil. At present, the cultivation of spring-sown crops and the application of base fertilizer in most areas of northern China mainly use rotary tillage, and the rotary tillage can complete the three operations of plowing, rake and flat. However, the rotary tiller has a shallow working depth, generally 10 to 12 cm. It is especially important to pay attention to the fact that the amount of fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, is too large.
The location and distribution of base fertilizer application should be viewed from both horizontal and vertical directions. The horizontal plane is divided into two types: application and application. Spreading is to spread the organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer evenly on the surface of the soil, and then use the ploughshare to turn the fertilizer into the soil. This method is suitable for densely planted crops. The strip is applied to the fertilizer strip (about compound fertilizer and simple fertilizer) on the soil surface about 5 cm wide, and then turned into the soil with a plow. This allows for a limited blend of fertilizer and soil, the distribution of fertilizer is narrower than that of the application, and matches the row of crops. From the vertical direction, attention should be paid to the depth and level of fertilizer application. The depth of the base fertilizer is different for different crop types, such as 10-15 cm for vegetables, 15-20 cm for corn, and 20 cm for cotton. The stratified fertilization is mainly for the phosphate fertilizer. Because the mobility of the phosphate fertilizer is small, it is generally applied in two layers. The deep layer is the depth of the base fertilizer, and the shallow layer is about 10 cm. If the phosphate fertilizer is concentrated in the deep layer, it will cause the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency at the seedling stage. The application of spreading, strip application, deep application and shallow application mainly depends on the characteristics of different fertilizers and the distribution characteristics of crop types and roots. It is particularly important to note that over-concentration of urea and high-nitrogen compound fertilizers can lead to burn-in and seedling-inhibition, which can lead to crop yield reduction, nutrient waste and environmental pollution.
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