A metal cutting machine (referred to as a machine tool) that processes various metal workpieces by cutting, grinding or special machining methods to obtain the required geometry, dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the machine (except hand-held). It is a wide-ranging and wide-ranging equipment. Its structural characteristics, processing accuracy, automation, working conditions and environmental conditions are very different. There are different requirements for the lubrication system and the lubricant used. Machine lubrication characteristics and requirements: 1. The main components in the machine tool are mostly mechanical parts, standardized and generalized, and the degree of serialization is high. For example, sliding bearings, rolling bearings, gears, worm gear pairs, rolling and sliding guides, screw drive pairs (screw nut pairs), clutches, hydraulic systems, cams, etc., have different lubrication conditions. 2, the use of machine tools Environmental conditions: machine tools are usually installed in indoor environment, the summer ambient temperature is up to 40 ° C, when the winter temperature is below 0 ° C, more heating, so that the ambient temperature is higher than 5-10 ° C. High-precision machine tools require a constant temperature air conditioning environment, generally around 20 °C. However, due to the high precision and automation of many machine tools, the requirements for viscosity, oxidation resistance (life) and oil cleanliness of lubricating oil are strict. 3. Working condition of machine tools: Different types of machine tools of different specifications and sizes, even on the same machine type, the working conditions are very different due to the different processing parts. The requirements for lubrication vary. For example, the grinding wheel spindle bearings of high-speed internal grinding machines and the heavy-duty, low-speed spindle bearings of heavy-duty machine tools have very different requirements for lubrication methods and lubricants. The former requires lubrication with an oil mist or oil/gas lubrication system, using a lower viscosity lubricant, while the latter requires lubrication with an oil bath or a pressure cycle lubrication system, using a higher viscosity oil. 4. Adaptability of lubricating oils and lubricating coolants, rubber seals, paint materials, etc.: Lubricating coolants are used on most machine tools. In lubricating oils, oils are often emulsified and deteriorated due to the mixing of coolant. The parts are rusted, etc., causing the rubber seal to expand and deform, causing the surface of the part to paint bubbles and peel off. Therefore, the compatibility of oil and lubricating coolant, rubber seals, paint materials, and oil leakage prevention are considered. In particular, as the degree of automation of machine tools has increased, lubricating/cooling general-purpose oils have been used on some automation and CNC machine tools, both as lubricating oils and as lubricating coolants. Concerned about surprises Label: Metal cutting machine features Previous: How to solve the grinding crack phenomenon caused by surface grinding Next: Discussion on mold processing system
Steel Structures can be used in many industries such as foundation reinforce, electric power transmission structures and tubular scaffolding, etc.
A flange can also be a plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe. A blind flange is a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together.
Although the word flange generally refers to the actual raised rim or lip of a fitting, many flanged plumbing fittings are themselves known as 'flanges':
There are many different flange standards to be found worldwide. To allow easy functionality and interchangeability, these are designed to have standardised dimensions. Common world standards include ASA/ASME (USA), PN/DIN (European), BS10 (British/Australian), and JIS/KS (Japanese/Korean). In the USA, ANSI stopped publishing B16.5 in 1996, and the standard is ASME B16.5
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