Xi'an Decoration Classroom Decoration Knowledge Collection 1. Load-bearing walls are generally in buildings with “brick-and-blend” structures. All prefabricated walls cannot be dismantled or open doors. Brick walls larger than 24 cm are also load-bearing walls and cannot be removed. Changed. The walls that are knocked on by the “quiet voice” are mostly non-bearing walls and can be demolished. In addition, opening the window on the load-bearing wall will also destroy the bearing weight of the wall, which is also not allowed.
Second, if the steel bars in the wall are damaged when the pipeline is laid, it will affect the bearing capacity of the floor and the wall. In the event of an earthquake, the wall and the floor will collapse or break easily.
Third, the columns and columns in the room are used to support the upper floor. After the floor is removed, the upper floor will fall, so it cannot be moved.
4. The low wall on the balcony side There is a window on the wall between the room and the balcony. These doors and windows can be changed, but the walls below the windows cannot be moved. This wall is called "weight wall" and it acts like a scale to provoke a balcony. Demolition of this wall will reduce the bearing capacity of the balcony and cause the balcony to fall.
V. “Three Preventions” or “Five Preventions” Doors The door frames of these doors are embedded in concrete. If they are demolished, they will damage the building structure and reduce the safety factor. It also destroyed the building structure at the entrance and it was even more difficult to reinstall the new door.
6. The waterproof layer of the bathroom and the kitchen There are waterproof layers under the ground. When replacing the floor material, do not damage the waterproof layer. If it is destroyed and rebuilt, it must be done "24-hour seepage test", that is, water in the bathroom or kitchen, if the leak is not qualified after 24 hours.
Seventh, the bathroom squat toilet squat toilet is generally before the water, and the toilet is generally after the water, so change the toilet, it means changing the sewer. This kind of construction is difficult and the original waterproof layer must be destroyed. Improper installation is not a water seepage downstairs.
8. Installation and demolition of gas pipelines for heating and gas pipelines must be done by a professional construction company of the gas company. The decoration company can't "do it for you." And during the renovation, it cannot cover the water meters, electricity meters and gas meters; for heating and heating pipes, Also be cautious, because the location of the heating in the room, directly affect the indoor temperature in winter, if improper demolition reform is not affected by heating, heating is running water.
Nine, can not use too heavy material more than 1 cm in thickness of natural stone, the family decoration is not allowed to use.
1. A summary of the budget for the preparation of decoration works.
1) The architectural decoration project is an important part of the construction project. It includes interior and exterior decoration and facilities.
The decoration project shall use the “fixed amount, market price” and a once-inclusive way to compile the budget for the decoration project.
Fixed amount: The amount of main materials used and the number of days of artificial labor determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the design drawings and the estimated budget quota.
Machinery costs: Calculated mechanical costs are calculated according to the fixed mechanical costs.
Market price: The material price and wage unit price are calculated based on the market price.
The project direct fee is determined by the quota amount and market price, and the company's operating expenses, profits, taxes, etc. are calculated and the total construction cost of the project is calculated.
2) The budget of the decoration works:
It is the basis for bidding, bidding and evaluation of construction units and construction companies.
It is the basis for signing the contract, drawing the project payment and project settlement for the construction unit and the construction company.
It is the basis for construction companies to plan, implement economic accounting, and assess business results.
The decoration project budget is based on the preparation basis, steps and costs.
3) Preparation basis:
Construction drawings, current quotas, unit price, standards, decoration construction organization design, budget manual and building materials manual, construction contract or agreement.
4) Preparation steps:
Familiar with the construction drawings; Calculate the amount of work; Calculate the direct cost of the project; Calculate other expenses; Check the check; Write the preparation instructions, fill in the cover, and bind the book.
5) Composition of fees:
The cost of construction and decoration projects consists of direct engineering fees, business operating expenses and other expenses.
Direct fee: The direct fee includes labor costs, material costs, construction machinery usage fees, site management fees, and other expenses.
Corporate operating expenses: refers to the management fees and financial expenses incurred by the company's operating management and building decoration management departments.
6) Other expenses: There are mainly profits and taxes.
2, decoration offer should pay attention to matters:
1) The quotation must show the size, practice, materials (including brand, model or specification), unit price and total price of each item.
2) Detailed practices and materials and templates must be provided.
3) It is necessary to pay attention to whether the renovation project requested by the customer is underreported.
4) The housing conditions of the decoration households also have a great impact on the decoration construction price. This mainly includes:
a) Floor: No matter whether it is cement plaster or floor tile, it must pay attention to its flatness, including the flatness of the single room and the floor of each room. The degree of flatness has a great influence on the price of decoration construction such as paving tiles or flooring.
b) Wall: The flatness of the wall shall be measured from three aspects. The solid angle formed between the two walls and the ground or the top shall be straight, the angle between the two walls shall be vertical, and the single wall shall be smooth and Fluctuation, no bending. These three aspects are related to the construction unit price of the floor covering and wall decoration.
c) Top: The flatness can be referenced to the ground requirements. Light tests can be used to see if there is a large shadow to clarify its flatness.
d) Doors and windows: Mainly check whether the horizontal and vertical joints between the door and window fan and the cabinet are even and dense.
e) Kitchen and toilet: Pay attention to whether the ground is inclined toward the floor drain; how the waterproof condition of the floor is; waterproofing around the ground pipes (water from the upper and lower water and coal and warm water pipes); whether there are local cracks, water marks and mildew on the wall or the top; sanitary ware Whether the water is dripped or not, whether the water is smooth, and whether the existing washbasin, toilet bowl, bath, vegetable dish, and stove are reasonable.
5) Determine the reasonableness of the budget quotation.
At present, there are two types of fees for home improvement: one is based on the Beijing Municipal Urban and Rural Development Committee's budget for the decoration project. The other is based on the home decoration project reference price charged by the China Building Decoration Association. It adopts a comprehensive quotation to include all expenses and profits, and does not include individual charges. The current home decoration market uses this method. See the “Beijing Decoration Home Market Recent Decoration Guideline Price” issued by Beijing Building Decoration Association.
3. Several major factors that determine the level of budget quotations:
Material specifications, grades, room design functions, selection of construction teams, level of qualifications of construction teams, good or bad construction conditions, ease of construction process;
4, home improvement project payment.
At present, Daliang Haolin Decoration Co., Ltd. usually takes a deposit when signing a contract. After the material enters the site, it receives 55% of the project's payment. After the project is completed, it receives 40% of the project's payment. Upon completion, it will receive 5% of the balance.
How to settle home decoration Generally speaking, the method of decoration needs to be calculated as follows:
1. Design account: The design fee accounts for 5%-20% of the entire renovation fee. (Now the decoration company's design fee is free of charge)
2, material account: The current decoration materials are already product streamlined, decoration has become a model, in fact, it is a combination. Therefore, running three building materials markets, you can find the end price.
3. Inquiry: Inquiries are in fact bargaining. The purpose is to find out the reserve price of materials.
4. Budget: On the basis of designing and asking for price, together with the decorator, budget out the cost of the entire renovation.
5, .Time account: After all, renovation is a big expense, therefore, before the decoration must allow enough time to design, materials, inquiry and budget to do, the more fully prepared in advance, the speed of the decoration can be faster .
6. Equity account: In accordance with the above-mentioned progress, a contractor who has the decoration qualification and ability to complete the contract, the contract content should include the materials used, the designated brand and the mutually agreed price.
How to communicate with designers Design communication refers to a mutual interaction between a customer and a designer that respects and cooperates with each other. The client must put forward his own requirements and suggestions to show his intention of style, so as to make the best plan in the design.
1. Customer and Designer Communication Skills
1) Determine the investment intention. In order to accurately understand the positioning of your decoration, the client should make a detailed expenditure plan for his home investment intentions, such as preparatory expenses for decoration, preparation expenses for equipment and facilities, etc., so that the issues can be made based on your investment. Home renovation design program. Explain to the designer materials, colors, shapes and layouts that you don't like.
2) Make clear the way of life and daily habits, and provide detailed information on the spatial structure of your family's demographic structure, daily social interactions, and the manner in which friends and relatives gather together. Tell the designer which member of the family will live in which space.
3) Describe the location of TV, stereo, telephone, refrigerator, washing machine, etc. Explain the brand, specifications, model, and color of the kitchen equipment to be added. Explain the style, material, color, etc. of the furniture to be purchased and the original furniture.
4) Collect relevant information. In order to determine the style of their own home decoration, customers can collect some home decoration examples of books, their favorite style or style such as Nordic style, Japanese style, Chinese style, etc. provided to designers for reference.
5) Learn about home improvement operations. The client should make a general understanding of the formal operation procedures of home decoration, and have a general recognition of the types of decorative building materials, and provide a basis for designers to select materials.
6) Respect and understand the designer's work. In order to make every example of home decoration inspired designers with the highest enthusiasm for creation, customers can show respect and understanding of their labor achievements in communication with designers, so that design ideas can be carried out smoothly.
7) Learn about design personality. In addition to paying attention to the bedroom itself, customers also need to understand the designer's achievements and style in order to select the designer correctly.

2, how to cooperate with the designer
1) Before the home decoration, it is necessary to design. Designers should be very important. Your cooperation with the designer is very important. Several important issues that need attention.
2) As the owner of the home, first try to put forward their own ideas and requirements. It is better to have detailed requirements and detailed requirements. You have to consider the function and layout of each room, whether you want to disturb the area of ​​the room, etc. These requirements must be presented before the designer begins to design, so you must be with you before making a request to the designer. The family carefully discusses the function and layout of each room. Once the designer has designed it, it must be completely negated and revisited. It is bothersome for the designer and the owner.
3) Secondly, respect the designer, let him do it, and avoid blindly chasing the wind. For example, if you see the Dong family's relief, you should still move in. If you see the West's bar counter is good, you have to get one. This will interfere with the designer's creation, and the final design will not be satisfactory. Once there is a contradiction between a homeowner and a designer for a design, the owner should listen to the designer's opinions as much as possible, instead of being opinionated. After all, the designer's vision is much more professional than you are. Of course, the homeowner should pass on his own ideas to the designer as much as possible so that he can "compromise" each other with reference to your suggestions. One point that must be pointed out here is that since the designer was invited, your family is designed to achieve a common goal, that is, to create a novel, personalized "home." Respect the designer, trust him, and let him do it so that he can make a good design.
4) Third, after the designer completes the first draft, you and the family should not review the study carefully, and then propose amendments and then discuss with the designer. It is better to spend more time on the drawings so as to avoid the cost of labor and fees for future rework. Once the drawings are finalized, the next step is to construct according to the plan. The owner cannot change the construction requirements because changing one of them will affect the overall situation. Affecting the design style, if must change the change also must obtain the designer's consent, through the designer makes the revision, but also may maintain the design style consistency.
3, how to explore your wishes, provide design conditions
1) The design of the living room is not just a matter for the designer. To obtain a design proposal that is satisfactory for the owner, there is no room for the owner to cooperate and the design task can hardly be completed. It is a prerequisite for designers to provide designers with design aspirations and necessary design conditions. Of course, a good designer is an expert in discovering the “imagining” of the owner. Every homeowner imagines what his new home will look like in the future. How does the net show its function, how does it appear beautiful and comfortable? This kind of imagination is of course a kind of ambiguous consciousness, but it is difficult to tell it concretely, but it is the non-ultra-subconscious, but it is the source of designer inspiration.
2) Therefore, before allowing the designer to design, you can brewing with your family, unfolding your imagination, remembering the most enjoyable, happiest, happiest, and most beautiful scenes in your home appliances. While fully exploring the future of what is worthy of your heart-wrenching scene, describe it, and then tell your designer to let him help you improve or extend your imagination and make it hard for those A clear scene can be "materialized" into a realistic scene. If a designer can design a draft and then make repeated revisions with you, he will surely be able to obtain a design draft that will satisfy you. Such a design must also be personalized. The design is a successful design.
3) The design of the former house mainly provides designers with some basic information, including the family population, gender, age, the use requirements of each house, and their preferences, etc. Do not provide the varieties, models, specifications and colors of the equipment to be added or prepared; Sockets, switches, televisions, stereos, telephones, etc. are placed in the future; you want to retain the dimensions, materials, styles, colors, etc. of the original furniture; the height of the housewife, her favorite color, accustomed to using the left hand or the right hand Etc.; and what styles you don’t like (including shapes, arrangements, colors), don’t like materials and colors, what kind of furniture you’re going to choose in the future, and what special requirements in life, etc. All are written to the designer in detail, these conditions are the basic materials that the designer must master in the design, so that the program he designed can meet the "taste" of your family. The homeowner should learn to communicate harmoniously with the designer during the design process.
How to take the first step in a decoration negotiation
1. How to list requirements
1) List the requirements of your family's life. Because each family's number, gender, age, physical condition, education, economy, experience, habits and other conditions are different, these requirements are also different for each family. This is the so-called "family factor."
2) The old man's room should have a TV. The lamp should have a bedside switch and a harder mattress.
3) Wall wallpaper.
4) Kitchen floor tiles, top wall cabinets, a seasoning rack. The old man is short and the wall cabinet cannot be too high.
5) Change shoes at the door, but do not want shoes to fill the floor.
6) The main bedroom needs a small dresser.
7) For a 34-inch television.
8) Buy a microwave oven.
9) The original natural stone countertops and wash basins of ceramic basins should not be used. Instead, use sanitary ware cabinets and use artificial wash basins made of popular washbasins.
10) Try to increase the storage area.
11) Do not like sharp corner furniture. Be rounded.
12) Family members sometimes play cards for pastimes. Playing cards requires a mahjong table and they also need to place mahjong tables.
13) When collecting requirements, you should collect the opinions of the whole family. Don't think about it by one person. You may want to take the time to consult with your family.
2, how to measure, draw
1) When you go to the decoration company to negotiate, you must bring the floor plan of the house. With a floor plan, your communication with the designer can be targeted.
2) There are a total of four measurements for general home improvement measurements
3) Residential flats: including doors, windows, walls, columns, bathtubs, toilets, sinks, cooktops, balconies, air conditioners, etc.
4) Facade: Including floors, ceilings, sill, transoms, doors, bathtubs, toilets, washbasins, cooktops, balconies, air conditioners, etc. If all doors and windows are of the same height, do not need to draw each one The room-by-frame elevation of the room is as simple as recording these heights.
5) The location of the original water, electricity, gas, television, telephone, and supply facilities. Such as switches, televisions, telephone outlets, gas meters, gas outlets, etc., from the ground, from the corner size.
6) The original furniture and equipment (if used after renovation). To record their style, size, material, color. Some people will take a point-and-shoot camera when they are measuring. Selecting some important angles to take pictures for reference when designing is a good idea. All in all, it is necessary to record all the conditions of the building once.
7) The specific approach is:
8) It is best to use a ruler (steel tape measure) which is 6 meters long. If it is too short, it must be measured in many times. It is very troublesome.
9) Prepare some A3 (or A4) white papers, several pens of different colors, such as pencils (for HB), blue, red, black fiber pens (atomic pens), and erasers.
10) First draw a sketch of the pencil on the room to be measured on a white paper, but observe it with your eyes, and draw it with your fingers. Do not use the ruler. You can start with the grand entrance, one by one in a row. Draw the plane of the whole house on the same piece of paper. Do not draw a picture in one room.
11) Remember that the walls should be thick, and all fixing devices such as doors, windows, columns, wash basins, bathtubs, and hobs should be drawn. The painting was corrected after it was erased by mistake. Sketches do not have to be too accurate. They can look almost as they are, but they should not be too outrageous. Long shapes should not be drawn into square shapes, and square shapes should not be drawn into flat shapes.
12) The sketch can be measured. Use a ruler to put the amount of ground on the wall. In each room, measure down (or counterclockwise) in a segment of the time, and immediately write the size with a blue pen to the corresponding position on the diagram.
13) Use the same method to measure the elevation of doors, windows, air conditioners, ceilings, cooktops, and washbasin cabinets and record them.
14) Use the red pen to write the dimensions of the location of the existing hydroelectric facilities (including switches, ceiling lights, faucets, location of gas pipes, telephone and TV outlets, etc.) on the plan and elevation map.
3, how to calculate the area
1) In home decoration, the most direct contact with the consumer's personal interests is the project cost. In fact, there are many factors that affect the project cost, such as the difference in the price of materials, the ease of construction process, and the construction area of ​​the project and so on. The method of calculating the construction area is rule-based and relatively simple.
2) The items involved in home decoration are roughly divided into walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows and furniture.
Calculating the wall surface area The wall surface (including cylinders) of decorative materials generally include: paint, stone, wall tiles, wallpaper, soft packs, wall panels, baseboards, etc. When calculating the area, the material is different and the calculation method is different. The area of ​​paint, wallpaper, soft packs, and wainscots is multiplied by height by length. The unit is calculated in “square meters”. The length is calculated based on the net length of the main wall; height: no wall skirts are counted from the indoor floor to the floor floor, and the skirts are counted from the apex of the skirt to the floor of the floor; the suspended ceiling is counted from the interior floor (or the apex of the skirt) to the ceiling Along the increase of 20cm. The area occupied by the doors and windows shall be deducted (1/2), but the area of ​​the hole and the area where the beam head meets the wall shall not be deducted from the base area of ​​the baseboard within 0.3 square meters. When stone and wall tiles are affixed, the actual paving area is calculated as "square meters". The area of ​​the skirting board is calculated based on the net perimeter of the interior walls of the house. The unit is meter. The decorative materials for the ceiling area (including beams) for the top surface area generally include paints, ceilings, vertices (decorative flowers), and lighting ceilings. The area of ​​the ceiling construction is calculated in terms of “square meters” of the net area between the wall and the wall. The area occupied by the partition wall, the column passing through the ceiling, the lintel and the chimney attached to the wall is not deducted. The length of the vertices is calculated in metres in terms of the net perimeter of the interior wall of the house. Calculating the floor area of ​​the ground decoration materials generally include: wood floors, floor tiles (or stone), carpets, stair treads and handrails. The floor area is calculated as "square meters" based on the net area between the wall and the wall. The area occupied by the partition walls, pillars passing through the ground, concrete walls, and chimneys attached to the walls is not deducted. The area of ​​stairways is calculated as "square meters" according to the actual development area, and the area occupied by staircase wells within 30cm in width is not deducted; the lengths of staircase handrails and railings can be multiplied by the total horizontal projection length (excluding the inner wall portion). The coefficient 1.15 is calculated as "extended meters." The length of other railings and handrails is directly calculated as “extended meters”. There are no fixed requirements for the calculation of the area of ​​the furniture. Generally, the customary practice in the quotation of the decoration companies prevails: use the "extended meters", "square meters" or "items" as the unit for statistics. However, it should be noted that the unit of measurement for each piece of furniture should be the same. For example, to make two closets, one cannot use the phenomenon of “square meters” as the unit of measure, and the other as a measure of “items”.
How to prevent fraud in decoration
1. In the name of not making money, solicit business. Home decoration should also have a cost budget procedure: material fees, construction fee management fees, profits, etc. should be clear, and decoration companies or construction teams without credit, quality, and service guarantees often take a quote or offer less than others. Contract business.
2. Stealing engineering projects. The customer does not understand the decoration, so it is inadvertently missed on the construction project list, and additional items are added during the construction period.
3. Although there are seemingly detailed quotations, there is an intention to increase the area when calculating the number of construction areas. For example, if the construction area is repeatedly calculated (the reject is not excluded), or the irregularity is calculated according to the maximum size.
4, materials shoddy. The materials on the quotation are inconsistent with the actual use. In particular, the grassroots use counterfeit materials to reduce costs. Or intends to increase the material loss, and increase the amount of work under the name of loss.
5. Reduce construction procedures, cut corners and cut materials to reduce costs. For example, the brush should be brushed with only six brushes and the cement should be filled with less. The wooden substrate should not be firmly treated. The wedges should all become nails, and the proportion of latex paint should not be equal.
6, using the popular package pricing method to deceive customers, seemingly scientific, practical project ambiguous.
7. Before the renovation, they tried to brag about and contract business. After the decoration was completed, quality problems appeared and they fled. Quality and maintenance became major problems.
8, cut corners behavior.
9, bricklayer:
1) Buy unqualified inferior cement. Each pack can save about 5 yuan. About 100-200 yuan can be saved.
2) Buy unqualified inferior tiles. Each block can save 0.5_1.0 yuan or more. This item can save about 900 yuan.
3) The tile cement is not empty. It can save about 150-250 yuan.
10, Woodworking:
1) Buy substandard wood that is out of specification. Take a 9-cm splint as an example. The market price of imported plates is 75-80 yuan/block. Some domestically produced goods are only 55-60 yuan/block. The difference is 20 yuan/block. Take an 80-square-meter home as an example, and use a 9-centimeter plate for about 50 pieces. Single - this one can save 1,000 yuan.
2) When using inferior panels or when the owner is not familiar with the material, the conditions of the contract do not clearly specify the conditions for the fish in question. This can save about 400 yuan.
3) With inferior wood floors, about 1500-2000 yuan can be saved.
4) Quickly lay the floor and save about 500 yuan for labor.
11, paint:
1) Use fake latex paint. You can save about 500 yuan.
2) Reduce the number of passes. The savings are about 500 to 1,000 yuan.
3) Use inferior varnish. The savings are about 200 or so.
12. How to prevent fraud in decoration
1) You can't give up on principles because you're greedy for a small amount of money.
2) Identify the materials, construction procedures, and service items that you need before signing the contract.
3) Carefully select a reputable and powerful decoration company and respect the reasonable profit of its labor income.
4) Check the names, materials, quantities, practices, unit prices, and total prices of the items listed in the quotation.
5) Identify items such as additions and deletions.
6) Specify detailed construction practices and material names on the construction drawings as an attachment to the contract.
How to choose a decoration company
1. To select companies that have business licenses issued by the relevant departments and building construction enterprise qualification certificates. In addition to checking business licenses, whether or not you have a formal location for the company and whether you can issue qualified tickets are all carefully examined. The “Qualification Grade of Building Decoration Engineering Enterprises” issued by the Construction Committee is mainly issued to large enterprises that undertake the decoration of public buildings. These qualified decoration companies, its design strength and construction strength are mainly used for the decoration of public buildings, rather than for home decoration.
At present, home decoration businesses in the home decoration market are generally the subsidiaries and business departments that these companies derive. In these subsidiaries and operating departments, there are also a few "hanging" companies. The so-called "attachment" means that some small businesses or individuals will pay annual management fees to these large-scale decoration and construction companies and use the names of these companies to contract the projects. Second, you can examine the work done by this decoration company to evaluate its design and construction level. The level and qualifications of interior designers are directly related to the level of design, so you have to ask the designer of this company in detail. The quality of decoration depends largely on the quality of the construction team. Therefore, before the renovation, you must also examine the construction team used by the decoration company. From the origin of the workers and the tools they use, it can be judged whether the construction team has the appropriate qualities.
2. According to relevant statistics, there are many tens of thousands of homes in the country concerning the management of home decoration construction. There are only tens of thousands of homes in Beijing, including three situations: One is a unit that has two certificates (Industrial and Commercial Administration) The business license issued by the department and the qualification certificate issued by the construction administrative department; one type of unit (the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce); the last one is the unlicensed and unlicensed unit, which is often said decoration Guerrillas. The first two units have a fixed place of business, a company charter and a corresponding management organization, where problems can be found where the problem is solved, and the degree of reliability is relatively much higher, while the decoration of the guerrillas does not meet the above conditions. So, don't look for street decoration guerrillas for home decoration. As for the construction of the project, the state has no qualified unit to undertake the project, but due to the low cost of home decoration and the dispersal of the construction site, qualified companies are reluctant to undertake it for a long time. This will give the street decoration guerrillas a market. According to the actual situation of home decoration, in the business license issued by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, if there are indoor and outdoor architectural decoration design and construction projects in the business scope, the construction of home decoration may also be carried out.
3. Examination of the legality of the construction unit. It is legal to examine whether the construction team is engaged in home decoration legally. First, the company's business license should be inspected. Only if the company engages in business activities within the business scope defined in the business license is it legal. Otherwise, it is illegal. Those who do not have business licenses may not engage in business activities. Therefore, before negotiating with the construction company, it is necessary to check whether the contents of their business licenses are consistent with their actual conditions. At present, some unlicensed construction teams use the form of affiliation and use other companies’ business licenses to undertake projects. This is also a kind of deceptive behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to check whether the registered address of the business license is in conformity with it. Otherwise, it is easy to be cheated and cause unnecessary losses. Qualification is a recognition of the ability of the construction administrative department to the construction team. It examines the construction team from six aspects of registered capital, technical personnel structure, project performance, construction capacity, and social contribution, and is respectively rated as 1 to 4 Level, qualified companies, technical forces are guaranteed, and there is no problem in home decoration. However, because of the chaos in the home improvement market, companies with qualification levels, especially those with high qualification levels, are unwilling to undertake business licenses. Most companies that have decoration and fitting-out projects within their business scope do not have to go to the construction administrative department to apply for qualifications, which brings considerable difficulties to the identification of the quality of the home improvement construction team and require the family house owners to carefully identify.
4. Performance appraisal of the construction unit's construction performance The appraisal of the construction performance is to determine the construction capacity and project quality level of the decoration construction team through inspection of the construction team construction project and completion project. The best performance of a construction team is that in the engineering works, through the inspection of the construction site, the team’s on-site management level and civilized degree can be found. Through the completed works, the design and construction of the team can be determined. Quality and service level. Any mature construction team will gradually accumulate rich construction experience after repeated engineering practice and be able to cope with all kinds of emergencies and dangers in the project more freely. Therefore, when selecting a construction team, it is necessary to go to the construction of the team. The site and the Engineering Agency conducted an on-site inspection.
5. Judgment of professional ability of construction unit Construction professional ability mainly refers to the level of compliance and resilience. The determination of resilience is even more important in home decoration. Home decoration is different from the decoration of public buildings. One of the important reasons is that family decoration advice is difficult to unify. The inconsistency of family members' opinions is necessarily reflected in the construction process of the project. Therefore, the design change of home decoration is often occurring. Phenomenon, without strong on-site design capabilities and flexible on-site command mechanisms, it is difficult to accurately implement the ideas and ideas proposed by homeowners, and the most prone to disputes and conflicts. In addition to the analysis of the differences between the past engineering drawings and works, the construction professional competence is judged at the time of on-site measurement and design submission. If the measurement and design at the scene can better reflect their decoration intentions, and propose several There are options to choose from, and their professional capabilities will not be a problem.
6. Review of home decoration design plan Home decoration design should be in the form of program design to form a set of design documents. Home decoration homeowners through the review of the program design, and finally determine the home decoration materials, construction methods and standards achieved. Therefore, the design of the home improvement program focuses on the following:
(1) Examination of drawings: In addition to the verification of the plane design drawings, the construction drawings shall be reviewed with emphasis on whether the design dimensions and practices of the drawings are consistent with the dimensions of the family room, whether the decoration of each facade meets the requirements of the family, and the decoration engineering subprojects. Whether the design is normative and meets the requirements of the family. If there is any difference, further changes should be made.
(2) Review of the practice description: This is the focus of the program design and the main content of the review. The specifications, models, brands, materials, and quality standards of the materials used for the various parts of the decoration should be reviewed. The decoration methods, structures, fastening methods, etc. of each decorative surface are in conformity with the relevant construction regulations of the country and should be reviewed and referred to in accordance with relevant national standards.
(3) Review of project cost: This is also the focus of the home decoration program design. The quantity, unit price and labor cost of the materials used in each subproject should be checked to ensure that the cost is reasonable and scientific.
Signing a contract
1. On September 1, 1999, the Beijing Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce promulgated the “Construction Contract for Beijing Family Home Decoration Project”. When signing this contract, you should pay attention to the following points:
2. Verify the decoration company's name, registered address, business license, qualification certificate and other file information. Preventing some unnamed companies and "guerrillas" from contracting with customers under the guise of formal companies in order to deceive consumers and damage consumer interests;
3, clear project content and materials: the construction of the project should be clear, the size should be accurate, there is a description of the material (including the material model, grade and brand), the specific construction process and process, while accompanied by the corresponding price;
4. Make clear the material supply of Party A and Party B: Some projects are jointly supplied by Party A and Party B. Therefore, the contents of the materials, specifications, quantity, supply time, and supply location of the materials must be formed.
5. Material acceptance shall be signed by both parties. The material acceptance form shall clearly indicate the types, specifications, grades, quantities, etc. of the materials. In addition, the acceptance materials shall be consistent with the materials provided by Party A and Party B as stipulated in the contract.
6, construction drawings to complete: including plans, perspectives, elevations and construction drawings, and some also need computer renderings, in the construction drawings should have detailed dimensions and materials, design responsibilities to distinguish;
7. The increase or decrease of the project should be made clear: If there are project adjustments in the construction process, it is necessary to “sign the project change order”, the content must be complete, and it shall take effect after signing by both parties;
8. Reward and Punishment Clause: Define the liability of the breaching party and the disposal method;
9, a clear warranty period and warranty: general free warranty period of one year, life-long maintenance;
10. After the completion of the project and acceptance, the two parties shall sign the "Project Settlement Bill" and "Project Warranty Bill."
11. Contracted and affiliated companies must fill in an entrusted agent;
12. The transformation of pipelines should be cautious. Both parties should have an agreement stipulating the responsibilities of both parties;
13. Quality standards are stipulated, that is, according to the “Beijing Housing Decoration Project Quality Acceptance Regulations” implementation;
14. The acceptance time and the number of times should be stated. Generally, you only need to finish the hidden project, finish the waterproof of the bathroom, and finish the decoration of the wall and floor. After another stage of acceptance, the decoration company shall notify Party A in writing;
15. The payment time should be clear: the time and conditions for the payment of the first advance payment, the second advance payment, and the final payment; the payment method of Dahe Haolin Decoration Company is generally divided into three payments. You can pay 55% before the start of the project and pay more than half of the project. 45% and 5% after acceptance to arrange. How much of the project will be considered "more than half", and when the amount of money for the project increase or decrease is delivered, the parties A and B should clearly specify;
Decoration process
1. Business negotiation:
(1) explanation of the design operation process;
(2) Discussion of basic customer requirements;
(3) Proposal of charging methods.
2. Sign the commissioned design contract (initial discussion):
(1) Conduct field measurement records.
(2) Draw the plane and the top plan.
(3) Design preliminary program communication and finalization.
3, a full set of program design (deep talk):
(1) draw design details;
Design communication and finalization;
(3) Prepare a budget book.
4. Finalization of Budget and Materials (Details):
(1) Discussion on the applicability of building materials;
(2) confirmation of the project budget book;
(3) Preparation of building materials table.
5, sign the project contract:
(1) sign a formal contract;
(2) Drawing Transfer Engineering Department for the record;
(3) Preparation.
6. Entry preparation:
(1) Test the house, test the smoothness of the wall, floor and roof, and the unblocked conditions of the water supply and drainage pipes, electricity, and gas, and make a record, and deliver it to the owner (agent) for signature.
(2) Material preparation, list of materials, and coordination with the preparation department.
(3) Personnel scheduling, identifying construction personnel, and clarifying the person in charge of the site.
7, start work on time:
(1) Start construction according to the contract date;
(2) On-site instruction by designers, constructors, and hydropower commissioners.
8, construction in progress:
(1) material distribution site;
(2) Construction strictly according to the plan;
(3) Supervision and acceptance of construction workers;
(4) Designers coordinate on site.
9, the total acceptance of the completion:
(1) House-by-room clean-up and cleaning of the decorated and decorated rooms;
(2) Accept acceptance according to relevant acceptance criteria (if rectification is required, then conduct inspection);
(3) According to the actual amount of decoration works for the total settlement,
10, after-sales service:
(1) Issuing a decoration warranty. Provides circuit diagrams and warranty cards for equipment products.
(2) Set up home decoration project files and arrange regular contact visits for users.
Preparation before renovation [2] Font>
At the beginning of the renovation, many people had just bought a house, and even began to consider when they had not bought a house. In fact, buying a house is the biggest investment in many people's life, and this cannot be separated from the decoration. So, how to proceed with the equipment decoration?
 Part I First, first of all, you have to determine the date of the house’s delivery and the preparation period for renovation. Generally, it is better to use one month in advance, too long and too short is no good. Being too long will only make you guilty of being guilty for too long, too short, too hasty and not good.
Second, next, you need to plan for the financial aspects. How much money is required to decorate a house, which is often the most asked by the owners. In fact, this issue is often difficult to generalize because of the different prices and the different fitting-out projects. In general, mid-range renovations will account for about one-tenth to one-fifth of housing prices. For example, a house is 100 square meters, and the price is 500,000 yuan (the old house should be calculated by the market price of the equivalent new house), so it is possible that the decoration money is between 50,000 yuan and 100,000 yuan.
Third, handle the couple's role in decoration. Decoration can sometimes be a cause of quarrel between husband and wife, so we must remind them. For several years in the industry, there have been a few family members who acted as agents, and there have been various types of couples during the period:
1, men and women assisted: decoration, usually the host owner carrying the hostess. The husband and wife have the final say in the decision-making power of some affairs. The most typical examples of female hostesses are silent, and some are helpful.
2. Female sponsor: There are many cases of such couples. The first is the wife and the strict husband. In the domestic affairs, the man is basically afraid to say anything. I have met a male client owner and said: “My wife said...” and the second is that the female’s qualifications are relatively high. The man has relatively little knowledge in this area. A typical example is when the man has only elementary school level and the woman has college level. At this time, the majority of the man is relatively silent.
3, men-based: This type of couple in the decoration, the woman basically did not appear in the lens, because there are too many possibilities. Guess about the following conditions: The first is the woman's inconvenience to go out and walk around. The second is that the woman looks too sorry everyone, and the male owner does not seem to be willing to let her go out. The third is the woman's work is too busy or business trip.
4. Female-dominated: There are two reasons why this type of husband and wife does not appear in the decoration: the first is that the man is too busy with work, and some even have long-term business trips. The second is that the man has a high degree of power and is inconvenient to appear. Most of the officers are mainly senior officials.
5, tit for tat: This kind of husband and wife is more than the age, usually in the decoration will be quarreled because of some problems. I have met two couples. One is because the hostess insisted on the problem of feng shui, but when she quarrelled with the doctor's male master, it was a month without a fight. The project could not be carried out. The other is that the male master is too short. Some of the projects at home are often thought of in terms of their own height, which is strongly opposed by the taller female host. Of course, at this time, I support the hostess and the design should be based on the average height. (1.75 meters) to design.
6, husband and wife follow-up: Most of these types of husband and wife have business volume, mainly in higher education family. Both men and women have considerable knowledge and their views are more rational.
Single aristocrats: There are no such couples at all, so the dominant players may be male or female.
7. People to be married: These are mostly men and women who love to talk about marriage. Most of the situations are similar to the sixth category. Most of the men and women will discuss the decoration issues in a cordial manner before making a decision.
8. Parental labor: The probability of this type of occurrence is relatively low. In this category, neither of the owners appears. why? Because the owners are not married at all. The house is an excuse that parents give their son or daughter an excuse to go to college. In a logical sense, the owner is not the real owner.
Single-parent families: The owner's man or woman is vacant, but this situation is slightly smaller than what has happened in the above categories. However, with the development of the economy, there are also many cases in which the men and women of the owners place new homes at their place of work.
Fourth, the choice of decoration opportunities here need to be considered, in addition to the above issues, there are three main considerations:
1, the problem of free time. General home improvement is best to choose when they are more free, if you have been working very busy during the renovation period, if you insist on decoration, then you only have to find someone you absolutely trust to decorate, otherwise, you still wait .
2, the weather factor. Many people are rumored that they cannot be decorated in wet weather. Actually, there is no scientific basis for this argument. The only effect of wet weather on decoration is paint. If it is handled improperly, there will be whitening and mildew, but if handled properly, it will not be a problem.
3, the price factor. It is because people are generally the most suitable time for a decoration, and when it is not possible to decorate the mind, all of a year, there is always a season that is the off-season of decoration. In fact, if you are looking for the decoration company's technology can be, then you can save a lot of money in these seasons decoration, because not only the decoration company cut prices in the off-season, even the material dealers will also cut prices, this account is definitely not A small number.
 In the second part of the above questions, you are all ready to go. Then you can start the next step.
Many consumers have encountered such a problem when preparing to decorate their own homes. Many professional terms and professional common sense are not clear to them. Therefore, they are often confused when looking for decoration companies and purchasing materials. Today, first introduce some common sense related to home decoration.
Understand the concept of anti-wholesaling when the contracting material: The term "contracted material" in the home decoration refers to the decoration company to carry out all the work related to construction, and the role of the owner is only to pay and acceptance of the project.
Bao Qinggong: Bao Qinggong refers to the decoration company in the process of home decoration. It is only responsible for dispatching workers for on-site construction and the management of the construction site. The responsibility for material procurement is not responsible; all materials are purchased by the owners themselves.
Contracting materials: In the home decoration process, the accessories are a common method of cooperation. It refers to the owners responsible for purchasing the main materials, such as tiles, floors, sanitary ware, lamps, etc., while the decoration company is responsible for the construction. In addition, it should also be responsible for the procurement of auxiliary materials, including cement, sand, glue, hardware, wood, and products.
Covert projects: Hidden projects can basically be understood literally. They are projects that cannot be seen after the project is completed. These projects can include waterproof works, distribution works, basic treatment of walls, hidden water lines, and so on.
工程过半：从字面上来理解，工程过半就是工程干了一半。 However, due to the difficulty of making the project as accurate as possible, it is generally defined in two ways in the home decoration process. One is that the construction period is over half; the second is to use the carpentry work in the project as a half project. Sign.
分阶段验收：由于家庭装修包括很多的工程项目，而且一些项目是放在另一些项目之后才能够进行的，所以有必要对工程项目进行分阶段的验收。 Acceptance of concealed works, acceptance of finishes and general engineering inspections are generally accepted. If the owner's time is relatively abundant, the acceptance process can be divided into more detailed ones.
竣工验收：竣工验收指的就是工程完工以后对所有工程项目进行的一次全面验收。 It should be pointed out that the completion acceptance is based on the phased acceptance. The engineering projects that have completed the acceptance before are generally not re-accepted when they are completed and accepted.
验收标准：目前家庭装修验收所使用的标准基本上是《家庭居室装修工程质量验收标准》，如果工程本身报价以及质量要求较高，也可以参考《高级装饰工程质量验收标准》。
签订家装合同要知道合同的甲方：家庭装修的合同中规定的甲方应该是房屋的法定业主或者是业主以书面形式指定的委托代理人。
合同的乙方：合同的乙方基本上指工程的施工方——即装饰公司。
付款方式：目前家装合同有几种付款方式，其中使用最广泛的是三次付款，即：合同签订以后付首期款，此笔款为工程总报价的55％；工程过半付二期款，即工程总报价的40％；竣工验收付清余款，即工程总报价的5％。如果施工当中有增减项，一般应该在付二期款时一次结清增减项目的款项。
违约责任：家装工程的违约责任一般分为甲方违约责任和乙方违约责任两种甲方违约责任比较常见的一般是拖延付款时间，乙方违约责任比较常见的是拖延工期。
补充条款：目前北京市家装行业使用的家装合同基本上是市工商局编制的标准合同文本；补充条款作为合同中一个条款的目的就是为了让合同的甲乙双方把自己非常见的对合同的要求在补充条款里反映出来。
主材辅料有哪些家庭装修的主材：家庭装修的主材一般来说指如墙地砖、地板、油漆涂料、卫生洁具、灯具、装饰五金以及采购的成型门等等。这些材料在家庭装修过程中可以起到影响装修中整体效果的目的。
家庭装修的辅料：家庭装修的辅料范围很广，既包括水泥、沙子，也包括木材以及制品，其他的如腻子粉、白水泥、石膏粉、铁钉螺丝、气钉均可视为辅料；还有的家装工程把上下水项目使用的水管以及管件、配电工程使用的电线、线管、暗盒等也视为辅料。
家装施工遇到的人和事施工队：目前家装市场上从事家装工程施工的有很多地区的人员，如安徽、江苏、江西、湖北、浙江等等，各地区人员的手艺也不尽相同，其中以安徽工人手艺最好。
工程监理：工程监理就是经常在工地遇见的管理工程质量以及工程进度的人，这些人有的是大学毕业以后进入这个行业的大学生，有的是从大的建筑公司下来的技术工人或技师，还有的是本身原来是在施工队里干活儿的外地工人，这些人大多都具备一定的施工管理经验以及一定的施工技能。
项目变更：家庭装修过程中原来谈好的施工项目以及具体做法，在施工过程中都可能有所改变，这个改变我们称为项目变更。改变的原因可能有许多种，也许是由于甲方，也许是由于乙方，但是无论哪一方想对工程项目做出改变，都应该征得另一方的同意方可进行。
第三部分装修准备：家居装修准备五大策略
装修对于每个家庭来说，都是一件花钱，费时费力的大事。因此，未动工前得先谋划，应倾听专家或有经验者的意见，做好多种准备，这样既可省工、省料、省钱，又能获得较满意的效果。尤其对于那些从未做过装修的家庭，装修需要多少费用、怎么个装修、装饰市场行情如何等，多数人恐怕心里没有数也更没有底。
如何利用有限的资金达到满意的装修目的，在家庭装修之前就必须做出周密的"策划"和精心的准备。在进行装修洽谈之前，您最好先做好五个策划案，方能有备无患。
策划一：到底要花多少钱以一套使用面积在100平方米左右的三室两厅计算，如果包括家具和后期装饰，整个装修工程在约花费在10万元左右，最低可以减到5万元，最多则可突破50万元。由此可见，家庭装修工程的投入有很在弹性，您可量入为出。由于家庭装修具有一次性的特点，您不防将资金的使用重点放在装修上。 For families with relatively tight funds, they can do a little bit of decoration first, and later purchase matching furniture and accessories.
策划二：到底我需要些什么当拿到新居的图纸时，您可以把家人聚在一起，畅所欲言，说说对新居的要求。最后您再根据这些要求分配空间，确定每个房间和功能性空间的用途。而对于家人的审美性要求，您则要"求大同、存小异"：在住宅整体装修风格和谐、统一的基础上，尽量让所有家庭成员满意。 Especially in the arrangements for children, you can listen more to your child's opinions. In addition, in terms of specific use, you can have hundreds of needs that need new homes to meet.您可以拿着几支彩色粉笔到新居去"模拟使用"一番，并把窨的分配、家具的位置画在地面上，这样更能证您真正了解自己需要些什么。
策划三：到底哪种风格适合我目前常见的古典风格有西洋、中式两种, 现代风格主要有北欧、地中海和美国三种，其他诸如乡村风格、日本风格和自然风格等等，您都可以根据自己的喜好来选择。目前很多装修消费者，面对诸如中式古典、欧陆风情，以及简约现代等成型的装饰风格，已经因重复太多次而开始感到厌倦。这些消费者会从自己的喜个性出发，从这些装饰风格中提炼出一些装饰手法，并把它们综合在自己的新居里。很多人还会在此基础上加上很多自己的创意，使住宅在充满个性的同时，又稍稍有点另类。
策划四：到底哪些细节没想到在家庭装修之前，您应对空间中的细节考虑周全，成基是要对房间家具、电器等物品的布置有一套周密合理的规划。您最好绘出简单的平面苛程草图，标明空间分配和家具的位置。 As an end user of a new home, you need to determine the details of each room based on future usage needs.这些细节总是在装修前想得越全面，装修中的改动，装修后的遗憾就会越少。对于空间内线路的走向和插座的位置等总是，您要为未来购置的空调，电热水器、微波炉等家用电器做准备，因此需要特别注意。
策划五：装修什么价人们最关心的是装修的价格，由于家装的价格不像商店时原高品那样直观，且价格弹性也较大，使许多人对家庭装修的价格了解不多或根本不了解，为此，在装修前必须先了解行情。 购买装饰材料、家具和装饰品要占去大约75％的整体投入，因此您在装修之前最好去建材城、家具城去转转，了解一下这些东西的具体价格，然后再对以上的四个策划案做出调整。 另外，家庭施工费用您也不能忽视。
做好了五个策划后，您就会对新居装修有了一个全盘的把握：您既了解自己需要一个什么样的爱，也知道大致需要花多少钱，更知道这些锗应该花到什么地方。如果您再坚持我们每期的家居版，就能有一个轮美奂的新生活空间。
家装原则、理念：实用、舒适、生态、文化
1、 前期准备：首先应对自己的房结构要仔细了解，丈量一下实际面积并绘制详细的结构图。 The main purpose is to understand the specific layout (including reasonable changes to the original structure) and the total cost of renovation (including the price of materials and labor costs) can have a general idea of ​​how to decorate their own houses.
2、 资金准备：一般来说，装潢的总费用应为房屋价格的10%到20%。
3、 材料预算和费用分配：目前人们以追求舒适为本，那材料费用合理的分配比例是：卫生间与橱房占45%，厅占35%，卧室占20%。
4、 工期准备：以两室一厅为例，在正常情况下，工期在30天左右，如算上些其它因素，诸如更改设计方案等，也至多40天。
5、 专业知识准备：在家庭装修前,要做好专业知识的一定积蓄。
6、 市场调查研究：
1) 基本价格的调查：家庭装修是一项经济活动,价格就是重要的因素,在设计、施工价格方面,也需要家庭有初步的了解,才能做到心中有数,在装修运作时才能做到应付自如。
2) 市场状况的调查：对家庭装修市场的状况进行全面的了解。,应该到专业的机构、单位或组织去了解,如装饰协会、装饰服务中心等。
3) 家庭装修运作方式的选择：
a) 直接找装饰队伍:这种方法具有一定的风险,主要是对施工单位不了解。
b) 到家庭装修市场找装饰队伍:是一种比较节省精力的方式。
c) 通过中介确定施工队伍:中介有两种情况,一种是通过亲朋好友介绍,这种方法受中介方接触行业的广度、深度的限制。另一种是通过专业的服务组织进行介绍,由其介绍的队伍应该是安全可靠的。
d) 通过网络确定施工队伍：这是一种全新的方式，相对节省金钱和时间。
7、 省钱途径：
1) 精心的策划和完美的设计是省钱的第一途径。
2) 采用"画龙点睛"的方法。 The key decoration places can use high-grade materials and fine workmanship; other parts of the decoration take a simple, crisp approach, materials Mandarin, simplistic workmanship.
3) 依托装修公司是省钱的捷径。 The decoration company has fixed outlets on the material selection, and the materials have better prices; they have experience in construction and fine workmanship; there are matching services and quality assurance. Therefore, it is best not to ask the workers directly for construction and save money on the surface. Actually, you may cause greater economic losses because of your wrong choices.
4) 遵循规矩，把好预算决算关。 In the course of construction, it is unavoidable to change and modify, and the process record should be prepared with reference to the original project list so that the increase and decrease items can be cleaned up in the final accounts.

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* Low-loss optical window in the light-visible area, and ability to transmit visible light from end to end, but not including ultraviolet or infrared light
* The impression given by traditional concrete is always murky, but this dark-colored, lifeless concrete may be about to become a thing of the past. combining traditional concrete with fiber optics cable can produce transparent concrete. Combining the fair-faced concrete technology with light-guiding materials, through product research, the light-transmitting concrete is made into garden building products, decorative plates, decorative blocks, transparent concrete bricks, wallboards, etc
* As long as the light is shining on one side of the light-transmitting concrete (monochromatic light or 7 color light), it will be able to see these lights (non-guided infrared light) from the other side of the concrete. These lights can be both chaotic and heavenly like the star in the sky; it also can be arranged in different shapes according to actual needs, such as characters, text, drawings, etc.. Because the concrete itself has solid, heavy-duty, thermal insulation, light and transparent materials, and concrete composite can be made into garden construction products, decorative plates, decorative blocks, can also be used to make a variety of building materials.
* Light-transmitting concrete has a good working performance and a wide application prospect, as follows:
- Light transmission concrete light guide material is evenly distributed and has good light transmission performance. It can transmit visible and infrared light of different wavelengths, which greatly saves the general architectural lighting loss. It is a kind of green and low carbon building material. Works of different textures and colors have significant architectural energy-saving and decorative effects.
- Light-transmitting concrete has good thermal insulation properties and is used in accordance with related materials. It can be used in indoor fire escape, night guidance, and other special fields, and improves the safety of buildings, especially high-rise buildings.
- Compared with ordinary concrete, the light-transmitting concrete's bending strength is greatly improved, and various shapes can be made according to building requirements, which expands the practicality and applicability of building materials.
- Light-transmitting concrete This type of wall itself has a high appreciation value. It has great potential for application in hotels, restaurants, villas, and other buildings that require decoration, and provides a material basis for further improving the architectural aesthetic effect.
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