Abstract The power of technological innovation in the United States is large because it has formed an ecology. The house is the same, the campus is the same, the university name is called the university, but the activities at home are very different, very different. It’s really important to connect our university in the whole society...
The strength of US technology innovation is because it has formed an ecology. The house is the same, the campus is the same, the university name is called the university, but the activities at home are very different, very different. It is really necessary to reflect on the way our university is connected in the whole society. Looking at Silicon Valley, companies, investment institutions, teachers, classmates, and laboratories are piled up together. Looking at Silicon Valley, companies, investment institutions, teachers, classmates, and laboratories are piled up together.
In addition to Los Angeles, we mainly went to two cities in the United States: San Francisco and Boston. The size of the two cities is negligible, accounting for a few tenths of the US territory. Silicon Valley is not an administrative division. It is a common name. Its area is as difficult to tell as Beijing Zhongguancun. Although this is a very small place, there are many things to see.
Aggregation is a phenomenon that has repeatedly occurred in human history.
We are now looking at Silicon Valley. Companies, investment institutions, intermediary organizations, teachers, classmates, and laboratories are piled up in a small space. This is a feature. Its core is a university, which was not valued in the early days. Now, Stanford University has become a world-famous school after more than a century. Silicon Valley is derived from this university.
There are now more than 10,000 large and small companies in the region, creating a lot of sales, GDP and jobs. I discovered during the inspection that the density of Silicon Valley companies is very large. But how many patents do Chinese universities have? How many enterprises are there around the university? Can you draw a map of high concentration between colleges and universities like Stanford and MIT? This is a good topic worth exploring.
Looking at the East Coast, there is a foundation that has done research for 6 years. It is found that there are more than 20,000 companies founded by MIT alumni, the rate of establishment is increasing every year, the age of entrepreneurs is decreasing, and the sales are created. Up to 250 billion US dollars. This phenomenon has given me a strong impact, why?
Because such a phenomenon has appeared many times. Israel itself is not big. In this small country, there are only a few high-tech companies in the Mediterranean coast. Following this line of thought, this phenomenon is pushed forward and it is found that gathering is a phenomenon that has repeatedly occurred in human history.
We speak Greek civilization, geometry and logic are the knowledge of the Greeks. The Greek scholarship was first founded by Plato, which became a place where outstanding scholars and students discussed and had a great influence on the entire human race.
China is similar to Shandong. In 300 BC, Lin Qi, the capital of the ancient Qi State (today's Zibo), had the most famous college at that time, the Xiaxia Academy. In 150 years, thousands of people were inside, and hundreds of people contend. In such a long time, Linyi is also a small space, but many powerful people get together.
Then there was the medieval Renaissance, Dante and others appeared in a small place, several villages around Florence.
Further to the scientific revolution, Cambridge in the UK is located in a small town not far from London, but the world's advanced science, ideas and ideas are born in this small place. This phenomenon of gathering has reappeared.
For two thousand years, a group of people have been grinding together. This is an important condition for all science and thought. It is not something that a single powerful mind can achieve. The powerful minds come together, and you say that he said West and excited each other. All major discoveries that affect humanity are extremely uneven in spatial and demographic distribution: it is a very small number of people who change the world in a few places.
What is the gap between science and technology innovation in Chinese and American universities?
I was studying the city in the previous paragraph. The city is density, that is, gathering. This time I found that scientific innovation is even more dense than the average city. This time we walked into several places with innovative companies. From the standpoint of China, we have to look at what we have, what we don't have, and where it is.
The core of Silicon Valley is Stanford University, and the core of the Boston Corridor is MIT. These are programmatic, spiritual, and school-based. But Peking University and Tsinghua University also have school mottos and traditions.
Large-scale investment in the campus has already been done in China. I have seen a lot of 5,000-acre campuses, and the cars are open for a long time. Many university towns are too big to get in after they come in.
There is a bunch of cattle in the house of American universities, and we have it here in China.
The difference is that schools like MIT have more investments than people. They have a lot of research and development budgets each year, some of which are donated by enterprises, and our national university's annual research and development funds are much worse. In a good university in the United States, the frequency of teacher-student interaction is high. At the same time, the teacher took the doctoral students around the world, which place is interesting, as long as the name is taken, the doctoral students lead the master students, and the master students lead the undergraduates.
Some people say that China has strong capital, but in fact, it is far from investing money in people. The "thickness" of cultivating people is far from enough. A lot of things are different when you look at it and listen to it on the spot. But how many students in China have this condition?
Compared with American universities, Chinese universities have teachers, students, people who have research and development, support for research and development, state investment, alumni donation or company donation. These links are the same, but the latter link is different. What should I do after research? The next step is to use patents, which can rely on patents to exclusively realize the benefits of inventions.
MIT did a lot of research at the university level in the 1960s and came up with some experience in activating this resource. These experiences were finally reflected in the parliamentarians, and finally the Bayer Act (the Bayh-Dole Act made it possible for the private sector to enjoy federally funded research results). As a result of the implementation of this bill, the final 6,900 companies were placed in Massachusetts, becoming the engine of the entire Massachusetts economy.
Since then, a new role has emerged, called the Patent Conversion Office. The people in these offices are turning around in the university all day. They are not scientists, nor businessmen, but experts who help scientists apply for patents and promote patent commercialization. One-third of the benefits brought by patents belong to the patent conversion office. When they get the money and apply for patents, they get more money, and the whole technology conversion pattern is different. Do we have such people in our university? Therefore, what we lack is the system, and the reason for not having the system is that no one has made the system.
During the visit, we saw the “patent wallâ€, and behind the patent was a set of laws on patent protection. You use R&D for five or eight years, and anyone who pays for it will pay for it. Without this belief, who will put five years and eight years into the house? How do venture capital venture to invest? With the core university's patents for the company, more patents can be developed around this patent.
It’s not possible to have a patent, how can the industry judge? How is the market judged? This is another link. Not all patents can make money, and some people must weigh, evaluate, test, and try. During the study tour, we saw a corporate federation, stationed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to evaluate which patents have the opportunity to become products from the perspective of market industrial production, but we do not seem to have such an organization here.
The strength of US technology innovation is because it has formed an ecology. The house is the same, the campus is the same, the university name is called the university, but the activities at home are very different, very different. It is really necessary to reflect on the way our university is connected in the whole society.
Scientific and technological innovation requires high concentration and high density of "field"
What is Kechuang? Using a new principle to solve problems with market prospects is called technological innovation. In my opinion: First, to have original ideas, the principle is an idea, that is, the guess of causal connection, with the principle can not be used, there must be a set of supporting technologies.
Our most touched research project is blind glasses. The scientific principle behind this project is that people look at things not by their eyes, but in the brain, how many people have explored and guessed this scientific principle. With this principle, it is not always possible to become a product immediately, and the application principle must have a series of technical support.
Scientists and craftsmen can't be less, and the feasibility of the process is very important. Why does MIT emphasize both hands and brains? Do not solve the key technical difficulties. Scientists, educators, inventors, artisans, entrepreneurs, investors, businessmen, one can not be less.
In addition, scientific innovation cannot be expected to spread throughout the country. All these elements can only be concentrated in a very small space, high density, high concentration, to form a field. Not only is each element very good, but each element has to interact into this field.
We are studying here, tormenting each other, competing with each other, and discovering that everyone's physical fitness is ok. This experiment found that the field is an important force than a single element, and this field must not be too large. Reactors, furnaces, high pressures, and high temperatures must be brought together to interact at high frequencies. Temperature is very important. If you don't gather together in a group and get together, a lot of potential power can't be played. The most important productivity here is not how smart and powerful a single person is, but the atmosphere that is formed.
The ancient Chinese said: "The soil is built into mountains, and the winds and rains are booming; the water is in the water, and the dragons are born." What is innovation? It is "there is nothing in the middle." What are the conditions for nothing? The idea goes one step further, and finally how to become a product? There is a lot of reason to study here. By bringing people who want to do things together and forming an atmosphere, they can develop. This is the economic development driven by knowledge and knowledge.
How is a place suitable for talent development formed? Studying the city, this is the end of the study. So what can we do? This requires everyone to study together!
(The author of this article: Professor, Ph.D., Dean of the National Development Research Institute of Peking University.)
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